Evaluating the Process of Arabic Translation of the Words in the Book "Imamat va Rahbari" (Imamate and Leadership) Based on Ladmiral's Theory

Jean-René Ladmiral, a French theoretician, proposed components for the translation of words that are helpful for the translator in the process of conveying meaning and creating a balance between the words of the target text or the source text. In this article, the performance of the translator in the Arabic translation of the words of the book Imamat va Rahbari and the quality of the translation have been evaluated based on Ladmiral's model and with descriptive-analytical and statistical methods. The findings of the research show that the translator tries to convey the meaning of the words through matters such as the selection of the translator, disambiguation, minimal interpretation, and addition, and provides a comprehensible and readable translation. In many cases, words have been borrowed. Sometimes, due to the inappropriate deletion of words and inappropriate selection of equivalents, the translator has not been able to recreate the content of the message for the audience, and therefore requires revision and re-editing.Keywords: Evaluation of Translation, Javad Ali Kassar, Imamat va Rahbari Book, Morteza Motahari, Ladmiral's Theory.  IntroductionWith the scientific advances that are expanding in the world, to achieve the scientific and cultural achievements of societies, the translation of texts is essential. Along with the translation of texts, its evaluation also prospered and gradually took a scientific form and was able to eliminate many shortcomings of translations and by providing effective solutions, it became a path for future translators.Due to the innate need of mankind for religion, translators in every era have tried to translate holy texts into different languages and provide the basis for the development of religious thought. The translator of religious texts always faces challenges, one of which is vocabulary balance. In the field of religion, words are used that have a special cultural meaning, and if the translator cannot find an exact equivalent in the dictionary to convey their meaning, he uses the explanatory strategy of words or a close equivalent in the target language, and sometimes the translator prioritizes vocabulary borrowing.Among these texts is the book "Imamat va Rahbari" by Shahid Morteza Motahari, which was translated into Arabic by Iraqi religious researcher and translator Javad Ali Kassar. In this thesis, the most important tool of translation, namely "scientific criticism and evaluation", is used to measure the translator's performance in the way of transferring words. For the application of this criticism, Ladmiral’s model was chosen because the useful solutions of this model are very helpful for the translator in order to convey the meaning of the words and provide a good translation.Therefore, after explaining Ladmiral's theory about the process of word transfer, the present research examines the performance of the translator and the quality of the translation by comparing two Persian and Arabic texts and expressing their differences and similarities. For this purpose, the present research seeks to answer the following questions::How does the translator perform in transferring words to Arabic based on Ladmiral's model?How did the methods used by the translator to convey the meaning of the words have an effect on improving the translation?Literature ReviewFew research studies about the evaluation of the lexical process based on Ladmiral's model are as follows:- The article "Lexical Balance and its Importance in Detailed Understanding of the Text (Case Study of Five Persian Translations Of Nahj ul-Balaghah Sermons) " by Seyyed Mehdi Masbouq and others (2014).- The article "Induction of Translation of the Story of "Thousand and One Nights" by Abdellatif Tasouji Based on the Pattern of Jean-Rene Ladmiral" by Shahram Delshad, and others (2015).- The article "Evaluation of the translation process of Nahj al-Balaghah words based on the theory of Jean René Ladmiral" by Ali Syadani and colleagues (2016).- The article A Critical Review of Mohammad Dashti's Translation of Nahj al-Balāghah (Arabic: نهج ٱلبلاغه‎) Based on Ladmiral’s Model (1994) by Askar Babazadeh and others (1400).The difference between the present research and the mentioned studies is that so far no criticism and evaluation has been done for the Arabic translation of the words of the book "Imamat va Rahbari" by Morteza Motahari.MethodologyThis research has been written with a descriptive-analytical and statistical method and using library tools. To collect information, the thirty-third edition of the book "Imamat va Rahbari" (164 pages) and the second edition of the book "Al-Imamat" (234 pages) were compared based on Ladmiral's theory, and by using Excel software, the frequency of components of Ladmiral was obtained. Then, by extracting the statistical data and analyzing them, the performance of the translator in the transfer of words and the quality of the translation was determined.ConclusionThe findings of this research are:1- The translator has a more audience-oriented attitude and tries to convey the meaning to the audience at any cost.2- In transferring the words, the translator has tried to choose an appropriate equivalent from among the many equivalents found in the dictionaries, and if no appropriate equivalent has been found in the dictionary, he starts with minimal interpretation and explanatory additions in the form of nominal, adverbial, verbal, etc. in order to convey the semantic layers of the word to the audience, and sometimes he chooses an equivalent according to the context by his own discretion, and when there is no lexical equivalent and even with minimal interpretation, the implied meaning of the word is not conveyed to the audience, he transferred those words to the target language in the form of borrowing.3- Sometimes, by choosing inappropriate equivalents and inappropriate omissions of words, he has not provided a readable and acceptable translation.4- To fix the inappropriate translation of some words, it is better for the translator to review and re-edit

Study protocol: differential effects of diet and physical activity based interventions in pregnancy on maternal and fetal outcomes--individual patient data (IPD) meta-analysis and health economic evaluation.

© 2014 Ruifrok et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.BACKGROUND: Pregnant women who gain excess weight are at risk of complications during pregnancy and in the long term. Interventions based on diet and physical activity minimise gestational weight gain with varied effect on clinical outcomes. The effect of interventions on varied groups of women based on body mass index, age, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, parity, and underlying medical conditions is not clear. Our individual patient data (IPD) meta-analysis of randomised trials will assess the differential effect of diet- and physical activity-based interventions on maternal weight gain and pregnancy outcomes in clinically relevant subgroups of women. METHODS/DESIGN: Randomised trials on diet and physical activity in pregnancy will be identified by searching the following databases: MEDLINE, EMBASE, BIOSIS, LILACS, Pascal, Science Citation Index, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, and Health Technology Assessment Database. Primary researchers of the identified trials are invited to join the International Weight Management in Pregnancy Collaborative Network and share their individual patient data. We will reanalyse each study separately and confirm the findings with the original authors. Then, for each intervention type and outcome, we will perform as appropriate either a one-step or a two-step IPD meta-analysis to obtain summary estimates of effects and 95% confidence intervals, for all women combined and for each subgroup of interest. The primary outcomes are gestational weight gain and composite adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. The difference in effects between subgroups will be estimated and between-study heterogeneity suitably quantified and explored. The potential for publication bias and availability bias in the IPD obtained will be investigated. We will conduct a model-based economic evaluation to assess the cost effectiveness of the interventions to manage weight gain in pregnancy and undertake a value of information analysis to inform future research. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO 2013: CRD42013003804.This study was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) HTA (Health Technology Assessment) UK programme 12/01

Erratum to: Study protocol: differential effects of diet and physical activity based interventions in pregnancy on maternal and fetal outcomes: individual patient data (IPD) meta-analysis and health economic evaluation

After publication of this work [1], we noted that we inadvertently failed to include the complete list of all coauthors and that sample sizes of some of the trials listed in Table two were incorrect

Comparison of the Effect of Stretching Exercises and Mefenamic Acid on the Reduction of Pain and Menstruation Characteristics in Primary Dysmenorrhea: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Objectives: Dysmenorrhea is a common gynecologic disorder. Although non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are commonly used, due to their side effects and lack of response in some individuals, other approaches such as exercise have been considered. This study compared the effect of stretching exercises and mefenamic acid on the reduction of pain and menstruation characteristics in primary dysmenorrhea. Methods: In this randomized clinical trial, 122 female students with moderate to severe dysmenorrhea were assessed and were placed in either the exercise or mefenamic acid group. The exercise program was performed for 15 minutes, three times a week and included a five-minute warm up and six belly and pelvic stretching exercises for 10 minutes. The mefenamic acid group received 250 mg capsules every eight hours from the onset of menstruation until pain relief. Both interventions were performed during two consecutive menstrual cycles. Pain intensity was measured using a 10 cm visual analog scale. Results: The mean pain intensity was significantly higher in the exercise group only in the first cycle (p = 0.058). In the second cycle, the mean difference in pain reduction in the exercise group was higher than the mefenamic group compared to the start of the study (p = 0.056) and the first cycle (p = 0.007). There was no significant difference in the severity and duration of pain between the groups (p > 0.050). Conclusions: Stretching exercises were as effective as mefenamic acid in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. Our results suggest that the effect of exercise on relieving menstruation pain increases over time

Ethics in Occupational Therapy Research in Iran: A Scoping Review

Background and Objectives: Ethics is an important issue in various scientific fields, including rehabilitation and occupational therapy. Since ethics can be affected by the environment, culture, and religion, there was a need to identify a systematic examination of the published literature about ethics in occupational therapy in Iran.  Therefore, the purpose of this scoping review was to identify, summarize, and describe existing literature on ethic in occupational therapy in Iran. Methods: A scoping review was conducted based on the five steps framework of Arksey and O’Malley. Two researchers separately searched international and Iranian database by using relative keywords for articles published from January 2000 to February 2019. Results: After considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria for the founded articles, seven articles were selected for evaluating the scoping review. Three articles have been performed quantitatively and four articles have been done qualitatively. Conclusion: The lack of sufficient studies in the field of ethics in occupational therapy shown that it doesn’t take an important place in the following area of research. Therefore, this scoping review revealed the need for the conduction of extensive studies and further research in this area

Dietary interventions in overweight and obese pregnant women: a systematic review of the content, delivery, and outcomes of randomized controlled trials

Interventions targeting maternal obesity are a healthcare and public health priority.status: publishe

Dietary interventions in overweight and obese pregnant women: a systematic review of the content, delivery, and outcomes of randomized controlled trials

Context: Interventions targeting maternal obesity are a healthcare and public health priority. Objective: The objective of this review was to evaluate the adequacy and effectiveness of the methodological designs implemented in dietary intervention trials for obesity in pregnancy. Data Sources: A systematic review of the literature, consistent with PRISMA guidelines, was performed as part of the International Weight Management in Pregnancy collaboration. Study Selection: Thirteen randomized controlled trials, which aimed to modify diet and physical activity in overweight and obese pregnant women, were identified. Data Synthesis: There was significant variability in the content, delivery, and dietary assessment methods of the dietary interventions examined. A number of studies demonstrated improved dietary behavior in response to diet and/or lifestyle interventions. Nine studies reduced gestational weight gain. Conclusion: This review reveals large methodological variability in dietary interventions to control gestational weight gain and improve clinical outcomes in overweight and obese pregnant women. This lack of consensus limits the ability to develop clinical guidelines and apply the evidence in clinical practice

Impact of maternal education on response to lifestyle interventions to reduce gestational weight gain: individual participant data meta-analysis

Objectives: To identify if maternal educational attainment is a prognostic factor for gestational weight gain (GWG), and to determine the differential effects of lifestyle interventions (diet based, physical activity based or mixed approach) on GWG, stratified by educational attainment. Design: Individual participant data meta-analysis using the previously established International Weight Management in Pregnancy (i-WIP) Collaborative Group database (https://iwipgroup.wixsite.com/collaboration). Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis of Individual Participant Data Statement guidelines were followed. Data sources: Major electronic databases, from inception to February 2017. Eligibility criteria: Randomised controlled trials on diet and physical activity-based interventions in pregnancy. Maternal educational attainment was required for inclusion and was categorised as higher education (≥tertiary) or lower education (≤secondary). Risk of bias: Cochrane risk of bias tool was used. Data synthesis: Principle measures of effect were OR and regression coefficient. Results: Of the 36 randomised controlled trials in the i-WIP database, 21 trials and 5183 pregnant women were included. Women with lower educational attainment had an increased risk of excessive (OR 1.182; 95% CI 1.008 to 1.385, p =0.039) and inadequate weight gain (OR 1.284; 95% CI 1.045 to 1.577, p =0.017). Among women with lower education, diet basedinterventions reduced risk of excessive weight gain (OR 0.515; 95% CI 0.339 to 0.785, p = 0.002) and inadequate weight gain (OR 0.504; 95% CI 0.288 to 0.884, p=0.017), and reduced kg/week gain (B −0.055; 95% CI −0.098 to −0.012, p=0.012). Mixed interventions reduced risk of excessive weight gain for women with lower education (OR 0.735; 95% CI 0.561 to 0.963, p=0.026). Among women with high education, diet based interventions reduced risk of excessive weight gain (OR 0.609; 95% CI 0.437 to 0.849, p=0.003), and mixed interventions reduced kg/week gain (B −0.053; 95% CI −0.069 to −0.037,p<0.001). Physical activity based interventions did not impact GWG when stratified by education. Conclusions: Pregnant women with lower education are at an increased risk of excessive and inadequate GWG. Diet based interventions seem the most appropriate choice for these women, and additional support through mixed interventions may also be beneficial

Impact of maternal education on response to lifestyle interventions to reduce gestational weight gain: individual participant data meta-analysis

Objectives: To identify if maternal educational attainment is a prognostic factor for gestational weight gain (GWG), and to determine the differential effects of lifestyle interventions (diet based, physical activity based or mixed approach) on GWG, stratified by educational attainment. Design: Individual participant data meta-analysis using the previously established International Weight Management in Pregnancy (i-WIP) Collaborative Group database (https://iwipgroup.wixsite.com/collaboration). Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis of Individual Participant Data Statement guidelines were followed. Data sources: Major electronic databases, from inception to February 2017. Eligibility criteria: Randomised controlled trials on diet and physical activity-based interventions in pregnancy. Maternal educational attainment was required for inclusion and was categorised as higher education (≥tertiary) or lower education (≤secondary). Risk of bias: Cochrane risk of bias tool was used. Data synthesis: Principle measures of effect were OR and regression coefficient. Results: Of the 36 randomised controlled trials in the i-WIP database, 21 trials and 5183 pregnant women were included. Women with lower educational attainment had an increased risk of excessive (OR 1.182; 95% CI 1.008 to 1.385, p =0.039) and inadequate weight gain (OR 1.284; 95% CI 1.045 to 1.577, p =0.017). Among women with lower education, diet basedinterventions reduced risk of excessive weight gain (OR 0.515; 95% CI 0.339 to 0.785, p = 0.002) and inadequate weight gain (OR 0.504; 95% CI 0.288 to 0.884, p=0.017), and reduced kg/week gain (B −0.055; 95% CI −0.098 to −0.012, p=0.012). Mixed interventions reduced risk of excessive weight gain for women with lower education (OR 0.735; 95% CI 0.561 to 0.963, p=0.026). Among women with high education, diet based interventions reduced risk of excessive weight gain (OR 0.609; 95% CI 0.437 to 0.849, p=0.003), and mixed interventions reduced kg/week gain (B −0.053; 95% CI −0.069 to −0.037,p<0.001). Physical activity based interventions did not impact GWG when stratified by education. Conclusions: Pregnant women with lower education are at an increased risk of excessive and inadequate GWG. Diet based interventions seem the most appropriate choice for these women, and additional support through mixed interventions may also be beneficial

Impact of maternal education on response to lifestyle interventions to reduce gestational weight gain: individual participant data meta-analysis

OBJECTIVES: To identify if maternal educational attainment is a prognostic factor for gestational weight gain (GWG), and to determine the differential effects of lifestyle interventions (diet based, physical activity based or mixed approach) on GWG, stratified by educational attainment. DESIGN: Individual participant data meta-analysis using the previously established International Weight Management in Pregnancy (i-WIP) Collaborative Group database (https://iwipgroup.wixsite.com/collaboration). Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis of Individual Participant Data Statement guidelines were followed. DATA SOURCES: Major electronic databases, from inception to February 2017. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials on diet and physical activity-based interventions in pregnancy. Maternal educational attainment was required for inclusion and was categorised as higher education (≥tertiary) or lower education (≤secondary). RISK OF BIAS: Cochrane risk of bias tool was used. DATA SYNTHESIS: Principle measures of effect were OR and regression coefficient. RESULTS: Of the 36 randomised controlled trials in the i-WIP database, 21 trials and 5183 pregnant women were included. Women with lower educational attainment had an increased risk of excessive (OR 1.182; 95% CI 1.008 to 1.385, p =0.039) and inadequate weight gain (OR 1.284; 95% CI 1.045 to 1.577, p =0.017). Among women with lower education, diet basedinterventions reduced risk of excessive weight gain (OR 0.515; 95% CI 0.339 to 0.785, p = 0.002) and inadequate weight gain (OR 0.504; 95% CI 0.288 to 0.884, p=0.017), and reduced kg/week gain (B -0.055; 95% CI -0.098 to -0.012, p=0.012). Mixed interventions reduced risk of excessive weight gain for women with lower education (OR 0.735; 95% CI 0.561 to 0.963, p=0.026). Among women with high education, diet based interventions reduced risk of excessive weight gain (OR 0.609; 95% CI 0.437 to 0.849, p=0.003), and mixed interventions reduced kg/week gain (B -0.053; 95% CI -0.069 to -0.037,p<0.001). Physical activity based interventions did not impact GWG when stratified by education. CONCLUSIONS: Pregnant women with lower education are at an increased risk of excessive and inadequate GWG. Diet based interventions seem the most appropriate choice for these women, and additional support through mixed interventions may also be beneficial.status: publishe