SUBSTRATES AND WATER AVAILABILITY ON THE EMERGENCE AND INITIAL GROWTH OF Alibertia sessilis Schum. SEEDLINGS

The cultivation of native species in the Cerrado has encountered various problems, for instance, the slow growth and the lack of knowledge about the cultivation practices. In order to better use the available water resources and to produce quality seedlings, this study aimed to evaluate different substrates and water levels on the emergence and initial growth of Alibertia sessilis Schum. seedlings. The effects of the following substrates were evaluated: dystroferric Red Latosol (Oxisol), Oxisol +sand (1:1 v/v), Oxisol + sand + semi-decomposed poultry litter (1:1:0.5 v/v), Oxisol + sand 2 + semi-decomposed poultry litter (1:2:0.5 v/v) and Oxisol + commercial-substrate-CS (1:1 v/v) associated with the levels of irrigation of 25, 50, 75 and 100% of the water holding capacity in the substrate (WHC). The best results for emergence percentage, initial growth and quality of seedlings were observed in the substrates Oxisol + sand 2 + poultry litter (1:2:0,5) at 100% of WHC. There was no emergence at 25% of WHC.           Keywords: Rubiaceae, marmelinho, fruit of the Cerrado. ResumoSubstratos e disponibilidade hídrica na emergência e crescimento inicial de mudas de Alibertia sessilis Schum. O cultivo de espécies nativas no Cerrado tem esbarrado em vários problemas, entre eles, o crescimento lento e a carência de conhecimentos sobre as práticas culturais. A fim de melhor utilizar os recursos hídricos disponíveis e produzir mudas de qualidade, objetivou-se no presente trabalho avaliar diferentes substratos e níveis de água na emergência e no crescimento inicial das mudas Alibertia sessilis Schum. Foram avaliados os efeitos dos substratos Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico (LVd), LVd +areia (1:1 v/v), LVd + areia + cama de frango semidecomposta (1:1:0,5 v/v), LVd + areia 2 + cama de frango semidecomposta (1:2:0,5 v/v) e LVd + substrato comercial -SC (1:1 v/v) associados aos níveis de irrigação de 25, 50, 75 e 100% da capacidade de retenção de água no substrato (CRA). Os melhores resultados para porcentagem de emergência, crescimento inicial e qualidade das mudas foram observados nos substratos LVd + areia 2 + cama de frango (1:2:0,5) a 100% da CRA.  Não houve emergência a 25% da CRA.          Palavras-chave: Rubiaceae, marmelinho, frutífera do Cerrado.The cultivation of native species in the Cerrado has encountered various problems, for instance, the slow growth and the lack of knowledge about the cultivation practices. In order to better use the available water resources and to produce quality seedlings, this study aimed to evaluate different substrates and water levels on the emergence and initial growth of Alibertia sessilis Schum. seedlings. The effects of the following substrates were evaluated: dystroferric Red Latosol (Oxisol), Oxisol +sand (1:1 v/v), Oxisol + sand + semi-decomposed poultry litter (1:1:0.5 v/v), Oxisol + sand 2 + semi-decomposed poultry litter (1:2:0.5 v/v) and Oxisol + commercial-substrate-CS (1:1 v/v) associated with the levels of irrigation of 25, 50, 75 and 100% of the water holding capacity in the substrate (WHC). The best results for emergence percentage, initial growth and quality of seedlings were observed in the substrates Oxisol + sand 2 + poultry litter (1:2:0,5) at 100% of WHC. There was no emergence at 25% of WHC

Sombreamento na emergência de plântulas e no crescimento inicial de Dipteryx alata Vog.

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/198050986611This work was carried out in order to evaluate the potential of germination of the seeds and the seedlings growth of  baru (Dipteryx alata) in different levels of shading. To evaluate the emergency, the sowing was realized in trays of cells contends Plantmax® substratum + land + sand + chicken manure in proportion of (1: 1: 1: 0,5) and kept  in the full sun, 50% and 70% of shading. The experiment was realized in design entirely randomized with three levels of shading in four repetitions of 25 seeds. It was evaluated the percentage and the velocity of the emergency index. To evaluate the initial growth, the seedlings were transplanted and, three repetitions of 15 changes totalizing 45 seedlings were kept in its respective shading.  The experiment was realized in a complete randomized design in factorial 3 (shading levels) x 5 (times of evaluation for height, diameter of collect, total chlorophyll, transpiration, stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rate) and 2 (times of evaluation for leaf area, length of root, fresh and dry mass). The shading levels did not influence the percentage and the velocity index of seedling emergency.http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/198050986611Esse trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de avaliar o potencial de emergência das plântulas e o crescimento das mudas do baru (Dipteryx alata Vog.) em diferentes níveis de sombreamento. Para avaliar a emergência, a semeadura foi realizada em bandejas de células contendo substrato Plantmax® + terra + areia + cama de frango na proporção de 1:1:1:0,5 e mantidas a pleno sol, 50 % e 70 % de sombreamento. O experimento foi realizado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com três níveis de sombreamento em quatro repetições de 25 sementes. Foram avaliados a porcentagem e o índice de velocidade de emergência. Para avaliar o crescimento inicial, as plântulas foram transplantadas e três repetições de 15 mudas, totalizando 45 mudas, foram mantidas em seus respectivos sombreamentos. O experimento foi realizado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 3 (níveis de sombreamento) x 5 (épocas de avaliação para a altura, diâmetro do coleto, clorofila total, transpiração, condutância estomática e taxa fotossintética) e 2 (épocas de avaliação para área foliar, comprimento de raiz, massas fresca e seca). Os níveis de sombreamento não influenciaram na porcentagem nem no índice de velocidade de emergência das plântulas (71,3 % e 1,08, respectivamente). Os maiores valores de altura (16 cm), área foliar (220,2 cm2), comprimento de raiz (14,9 cm), massa fresca e seca (9,71 g e 3,21 g) das mudas foram observados sob sombreamento, não variando entre eles. As mudas apresentaram a menor taxa fotossintética a 70 % de sombreamento (6,8 μmol m-2s-1). Os níveis de sombreamento avaliados não influenciaram na emergência das plântulas, entretanto, as mudas apresentaram melhor crescimento quando mantidas até os 125 dias de idade sob 50 % de sombreamento

SHADING IN EMERGENCY OF SEEDLINGS AND ON THE INITIAL GROWTH OF Dipteryx alata Vog.

Esse trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de avaliar o potencial de emerg\ueancia das pl\ue2ntulas e o crescimento das mudas do baru ( Dipteryx alata Vog.) em diferentes n \uedveis de sombreamento. Para avaliar a emerg\ueancia, a semeadura foi realizada em bandejas de c\ue9lulas contendo substrato Plantmax\uae + terra + areia + cama de frango na propor\ue7\ue3o de 1:1:1:0,5 e mantidas a pleno sol, 50 % e 70 % de sombreamento. O experimento foi realizado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com tr\ueas n\uedveis de sombreamento em quatro repeti\ue7\uf5es de 25 sementes. Foram avaliados a porcentagem e o \uedndice de velocidade de emerg\ueancia. Para avaliar o crescimento inicial, as pl\ue2ntulas foram transplantadas e tr\ueas repeti\ue7\uf5es de 15 mudas, totalizando 45 mudas, foram mantidas em seus respectivos sombreamentos. O experimento foi realizado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 3 (n\uedveis de sombreamento) x 5 (\ue9pocas de avalia\ue7\ue3o para a altura, di \ue2metro do coleto, clorofila total, transpira\ue7\ue3o, condut\ue2ncia estom\ue1tica e taxa fotossint \ue9tica) e 2 ( \ue9pocas de avalia\ue7\ue3o para\ue1rea foliar, comprimento de raiz, massas fresca e seca). Os n\uedveis de sombreamento n\ue3o influenciaram na porcentagem nem no \uedndice de velocidade de emerg \ueancia das pl \ue2ntulas (71,3 % e 1,08, respectivamente). Os maiores valores de altura (16 cm), \ue1rea foliar (220,2 cm2), comprimento de raiz (14,9 cm), massa fresca e seca (9,71 g e 3,21 g) das mudas foram observados sob sombreamento, n\ue3o variando entre eles. As mudas apresentaram a menor taxa fotossint\ue9tica a 70 % de sombreamento (6,8 \ub5mol m-2s-1). Os n\uedveis de sombreamento avaliados n\ue3o influenciaram na emerg\ueancia das pl\ue2ntulas, entretanto, as mudas apresentaram melhor crescimento quando mantidas at\ue9 os 125 dias de idade sob 50 % de sombreamento. Palavras-chave: sementes; luz; planta nativa; cerrado; produ\ue7\ue3o de mudas.This work was carried out in order to evaluate the potential of germination of the seeds and the seedlings growth of baru ( Dipteryx alata ) in different levels of shading. To evaluate the emergency, the sowing was realized in trays of cells filled with Plantmax\uae substratum + land + sand + chicken manure in proportion of (1: 1: 1: 0.5) and kept in the full sun, 50 % and 70 % of shading. The experiment was carried out in design entirely randomized with three levels of shading in four repetitions of 25 seeds. It was evaluated the percentage and the velocity of the emergency index. To evaluate the initial growth, the seedlings were transplanted and, three repetitions of 15 changes totalizing 45 seedlings were kept in its respective shading. The experiment was realized in a complete randomized design in factorial 3 (shading levels) x 5 (times of evaluation for height, diameter of collect, total chlorophyll, transpiration, stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rate) and 2 (times of evaluation for leaf area, length of root, fresh and dry mass). The shading levels did not influence the percentage and the velocity index of seedling emergency (71.3 % and 1.08 respectively). High value of height (16 cm), leaf area (220.2 cm2), length of root (14.9 cm), fresh and dry mass (9.71 g and 3.21 g) of seedlings were observed under shading not varying between them. The seedlings presented lower photosynthetic rate in the 70 % of shading (6.8 \ub5mol m-2 s-1). The levels of shadings did not influence in seedling emergency

EFFECTS OF SUBSTRATE AND WATER AVAILABILITY ON THE INITIAL GROWTH OF Alibertia edulis RICH.

Alibertia edulis Rich. is a native species of the Brazilian Cerrado and can be used for reforestation of degraded areas. In addition, it produces edible fruits. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of substrates and water levels on the emergence, initial growth, and quality of seedling of A. edulis. The substrates tested were: latosol (L), latosol + sand (L + S = 1:1), latosol + sand + chicken manure (L + S1 + CM = 1:1:0,5), latosol + sand + chicken manure (L + S2 + CM = 1:2:0,5), and latosol + commercial substrate (L + C = 1:1); and the water retention capacities (WRC) tested were: 25, 50, 75, and 100%. The experiment was carried through in a completely randomized design and subdivided into a plot scheme, in which the plots represented water availability and the subplots represented the substrates. Latosol + commercial substrate at 100% of WRC provided the best conditions for emergence, initial growth and formation of seedlings of A. edulis. Sowing in the substrate Dystroferric Red Latosol isolated at 25% of WRC should not be used for the formation of seedlings of this species.Alibertia edulis Rich. is a native species of the Brazilian Cerrado and can be used for reforestation of degraded areas. In addition, it produces edible fruits. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of substrates and water levels on the emergence, initial growth, and quality of seedling of A. edulis. The substrates tested were: latosol (L), latosol + sand (L + S = 1:1), latosol + sand + chicken manure (L + S1 + CM = 1:1:0,5), latosol + sand + chicken manure (L + S2 + CM = 1:2:0,5), and latosol + commercial substrate (L + C = 1:1); and the water retention capacities (WRC) tested were: 25, 50, 75, and 100%. The experiment was carried through in a completely randomized design and subdivided into a plot scheme, in which the plots represented water availability and the subplots represented the substrates. Latosol + commercial substrate at 100% of WRC provided the best conditions for emergence, initial growth and formation of seedlings of A. edulis. Sowing in the substrate Dystroferric Red Latosol isolated at 25% of WRC should not be used for the formation of seedlings of this specie

Avaliação de modelos digitais de elevação para estudos geoecológicos no maciço da Pedra Branca, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

Geoprocessing tools have been increasingly used to support the integrated study of geoecological variables, once they allow fast and efficient analysis. One of the products generated by geoprocessing of great importance do analysis that considerate the real surface of the terrain is the Digital Elevation Model (DEM). The consideration of the real surface is essential for the correct calculation of volumes, areas and distances, parameters of great importance for geomorfological indicators. There are many kinds of methods to generate this models and no consensus about which method has the best results, once it's precision will depend on characteristics of the study area. This work aims to compare the different DEM generation methods for irregular relief areas, using the Pedra Branca massif, RJ, as study area. It has been generated DEMs by two different interpolation methods and grids: one based in rectangular regular grid (TOPOGRID) and the interpolation method of Delaunay constrained, based in triangular irregular network (TIN), both generated in the software ArcGIS 9.2. For the verification of the quality and altimetric precision of these models, it has been utilized a map of declivities generated from the triangular irregular network model. Results show that the more adequate method for the study area is the TOPOGRID. However, it has been noted that this behavior is unequally distributed along its declivities classes, and it's errors are bigger in the great declivities, where the TIN model has been more efficient.As ferramentas do geoprocessamento têm sido utilizadas com freqüência cada vez maior para o estudo integrado de variáveis geoecológicas, por permitirem análises mais rápidas e eficientes. Um dos produtos gerados pelo geoprocessamento e de grande importância para análises considerando a superfície real do terreno é o Modelo Digital de Elevação (MDE). A consideração da superfície real é essencial para o cálculo correto de volumes, áreas e distâncias, parâmetros cruciais para uma série de indicadores geomorfológicos. Existem diversos métodos para a geração desses modelos e não há consenso sobre qual deles apresenta maior precisão, uma vez que esta vai depender de características relacionadas à área de estudo. Este trabalho tem como objetivo comparar diferentes métodos para geração de MDE em áreas de relevo acidentado, utilizando como área de estudo o maciço da Pedra Branca, RJ. Foram gerados MDEs através de dois métodos de interpolação e tipo de grades diferentes: o método de interpolação com base em grade regular retangular (TOPOGRID) e o método de interpolação de Delaunay com restrições baseado em grade irregular triangular (TIN), ambos gerados no software ArcGIS 9.2. Para verificar a qualidade e a precisão altimétrica desses modelos, utilizou-se um mapa de declividades gerados a partir do modelo da grade irregular triangular. Os resultados mostram que o método mais adequado para a área estudada como um todo é o TOPOGRID. No entanto esse comportamento foi desigualmente distribuído segundo as classes de declividade, sendo seus erros maiores nas altas declividades, onde o modelo TIN se mostrou mais eficiente

Emergence and physiological behavior of provenances of pinhão manso in function of level of aluminum

The aluminum in high levels in the soil affects the emergence, growth, and development of various species. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the emergence and physiological behavior of four provenances of Jatropha curcas subjected to different levels of aluminum. The experiment was performed in a greenhouse in a completely randomized design, with four levels of aluminum in the soil (8.2, 16.5, 24.0 mmolc·dm-3 and control) and four provenances of J. curcas seeds (P1 = Dourados-MS, P2 = Montes Claros-MG, P3 = Alta Floresta-MT, and P4 = Petrolina-PE); the effects of aluminum toxicity were investigated in 25, 50, 75, and 100 days after emergence. The levels of aluminum in the soil were collected from the initial soil correction, which featured an aluminum level of 24.0 mmolc dm-3. The seedling emergence was not affected by treatment with aluminum; however, the height and leaf area of P1, P2, and P3 were reduced with increasing levels of aluminum. The emergence and vigor of J. curcas seeds were not influenced by the differences in the origins of the seeds or by the aluminum levels evaluated. Gas exchanges were affected negatively by aluminum and the responses of the chlorophyll a fluorescence indicate harmful effect in the photosynthetic apparatus. The seeds of origin P4 (Petrolina-PE) has increased tolerance to stress conditions

ATLANTIC EPIPHYTES: a data set of vascular and non-vascular epiphyte plants and lichens from the Atlantic Forest

Epiphytes are hyper-diverse and one of the frequently undervalued life forms in plant surveys and biodiversity inventories. Epiphytes of the Atlantic Forest, one of the most endangered ecosystems in the world, have high endemism and radiated recently in the Pliocene. We aimed to (1) compile an extensive Atlantic Forest data set on vascular, non-vascular plants (including hemiepiphytes), and lichen epiphyte species occurrence and abundance; (2) describe the epiphyte distribution in the Atlantic Forest, in order to indicate future sampling efforts. Our work presents the first epiphyte data set with information on abundance and occurrence of epiphyte phorophyte species. All data compiled here come from three main sources provided by the authors: published sources (comprising peer-reviewed articles, books, and theses), unpublished data, and herbarium data. We compiled a data set composed of 2,095 species, from 89,270 holo/hemiepiphyte records, in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay, recorded from 1824 to early 2018. Most of the records were from qualitative data (occurrence only, 88%), well distributed throughout the Atlantic Forest. For quantitative records, the most common sampling method was individual trees (71%), followed by plot sampling (19%), and transect sampling (10%). Angiosperms (81%) were the most frequently registered group, and Bromeliaceae and Orchidaceae were the families with the greatest number of records (27,272 and 21,945, respectively). Ferns and Lycophytes presented fewer records than Angiosperms, and Polypodiaceae were the most recorded family, and more concentrated in the Southern and Southeastern regions. Data on non-vascular plants and lichens were scarce, with a few disjunct records concentrated in the Northeastern region of the Atlantic Forest. For all non-vascular plant records, Lejeuneaceae, a family of liverworts, was the most recorded family. We hope that our effort to organize scattered epiphyte data help advance the knowledge of epiphyte ecology, as well as our understanding of macroecological and biogeographical patterns in the Atlantic Forest. No copyright restrictions are associated with the data set. Please cite this Ecology Data Paper if the data are used in publication and teaching events. © 2019 The Authors. Ecology © 2019 The Ecological Society of Americ