Ensuring the Cultural Rights of Kurdish Minority in Türkiye: Necessity, Challenges, Solutions

Being in non-dominant position and forming one of the largest ethnic groups numerically in Türkiye (previously Turkey), Kurds constitute an ethnic minority. The main argument of this article is that neglecting and disrespecting the cultural rights (CRs) of this group has led to transformation of a social challenge to a political one which ultimately resulted in a security challenge through an armed movement by P.K.K. in the 1980s. Employing a descriptive-analytical method to analyse the content, the present article aims at investigating the necessity of, challenges to and solutions for ensuring CRs of Kurdish minority. It appears that ensuring the cultural rights of Kurdish minority in Türkiye is a pressing necessity particularly for preserving cultural diversity as the common heritage of humanity and maintaining national, regional and international peace and security. Furthermore, the main challenges with which ensuring CRs of Kurds in Türkiye is facing are weak international belief in cultural rights, lack of sufficient national and international monitoring bodies and effective enforcing mechanisms, and dominance of Kemalism as the founding ideology of Republic of Türkiye. Accordingly, the solutions for eliminating these challenges can be strengthening the foundations and developing the sources of cultural rights of ethnic minorities, activating the national and international monitoring bodies and criminalising certain examples of violations of cultural rights and predicting effective sanctions. No article has been written on the necessity of, challenges to and solutions for ensuring the CRs of Kurdish minority in Türkiye in a single piece. Addressing these factors from the perspective of CRs as human rights, this article contributes in filling the existing gap in literature in this regard

Derived Crystal Structure of Martensitic Materials by Solid-Solid Phase Transformation

We propose a mathematical description of crystal structure: underlying translational periodicity together with the distinct atomic positions up to the symmetry operations in the unit cell. It is consistent with the international table of crystallography. By the Cauchy-Born hypothesis, such a description can be integrated with the theory of continuum mechanics to calculate a derived crystal structure produced by solid-solid phase transformation. In addition, we generalize the expressions for orientation relationship between the parent lattice and the derived lattice. The derived structure rationalizes the lattice parameters and the general equivalent atomic positions that assist the indexing process of X-ray diffraction analysis for low symmetry martensitic materials undergoing phase transformation. The analysis is demonstrated in a CuAlMn shape memory alloy. From its austenite phase (L2_1 face-centered cubic structure), we identify that the derived martensitic structure has the orthorhombic symmetry Pmmm with derived lattice parameters a_dv = 4.36491 \AA, b_dv = 5.40865 \AA and c_dv = 4.2402 \AA, by which the complicated X-ray Laue diffraction pattern can be well indexed, and the orientation relationship can be verified.Comment: 20 pages, 5 figure

Doppler Spread Estimation in MIMO Frequency-Selective Fading Channels

One of the main challenges in high-speed mobile communications is the presence of large Doppler spreads. Thus, accurate estimation of maximum Doppler spread (MDS) plays an important role in improving the performance of the communication link. In this paper, we derive the data-aided (DA) and non-data-aided (NDA) Cramér-Rao lower bounds (CRLBs) and maximum likelihood estimators (MLEs) for the MDS in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) frequency-selective fading channel. Moreover, a low-complexity NDA-moment-based estimator (MBE) is proposed. The proposed NDA-MBE relies on the second- and fourth-order moments of the received signal, which are employed to estimate the normalized squared autocorrelation function of the fading channel. Then, the problem of MDS estimation is formulated as a non-linear regression problem, and the least-squares curve-fitting optimization technique is applied to determine the estimate of the MDS. This is the first time in the literature, when DA- and NDA-MDS estimation is investigated for MIMO frequency-selective fading channel. Simulation results show that there is no significant performance gap between the derived NDA-MLE and NDA-CRLB, even when the observation window is relatively small. Furthermore, the significant reduced-complexity in the NDA-MBE leads to low root-mean-square error over a wide range of MDSs, when the observation window is selected large enough

Mortality rate and immune responses of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) infected with Yersinia ruckeri subsequent to feeding on diet supplemented with Ducrosia anethifolia essential oil

Application of the immunostimulant is the most promising method for controlling diseases in aquaculture. In this study, the mortality rate and immune responses of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed on diet supplemented with Ducrosia anethifolia essential oil was investigated after challenging with Yersinia ruckeri. The essential oil mixed with sunflower oil at different concentrations (0.001, 0.01 and 0.1%) and the commercial food was coated with this oil. Fish were fed with diets for 8 weeks and infected with Y. ruckeri at the ending of feeding trial. Serum protein, albumin, globulin and lysozyme and bactericidal activity of challenged fish were evaluated one week after injection and mortality were counted till day 10. The results showed that albumin had not differed among treatments. The highest level of the protein and globulin were found in control group. Serum lysozyme activity showed no difference between groups. The highest and lowest serum bactericidal activity was observed in 0.001% and control group, respectively. The mortality rates in infected fish were as 55% in control group, 40% in 0.001%, 70% in 0.01% and 70% in 0.1% treatment. Lowest rate of mortality was observed in group 0.001%, while began two days earlier than other groups

Optimal control for a two-sidedly degenerate aggregation equation

In this paper, we are concerned with the study of the mathematical analysis for an optimal control of a nonlocal degenerate aggregation model. This model describes the aggregation of organisms such as pedestrian movements, chemotaxis, animal swarming. We establish the wellposedness (existence and uniqueness) for the weak solution of the direct problem by means of an auxiliary nondegenerate aggregation equation, the Faedo–Galerkin method (for the existence result) and duality method (for the uniqueness). Moreover, for the adjoint problem, we prove the existence result of minimizers and first-order necessary conditions. The main novelty of this work concerns the presence of a control to our nonlocal degenerate aggregation model. Our results are complemented with some numerical simulations

Data-driven approach for synchrotron X-ray Laue microdiffraction scan analysis

We propose a novel data-driven approach for analyzing synchrotron Laue X-ray microdiffraction scans based on machine learning algorithms. The basic architecture and major components of the method are formulated mathematically. We demonstrate it through typical examples including polycrystalline BaTiO$_3$, multiphase transforming alloys and finely twinned martensite. The computational pipeline is implemented for beamline 12.3.2 at the Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. The conventional analytical pathway for X-ray diffraction scans is based on a slow pattern by pattern crystal indexing process. This work provides a new way for analyzing X-ray diffraction 2D patterns, independent of the indexing process, and motivates further studies of X-ray diffraction patterns from the machine learning prospective for the development of suitable feature extraction, clustering and labeling algorithms.Comment: 29 pages, 25 figures under the second round of review by Acta Crystallographica

Optimal control for nonlocal reaction-diffusion system describing calcium dynamics in cardiac cell

International audienceThe purpose of this paper is to introduce an optimal control for a nonlocal calcium dynamic model in a cardiac cell acting on ryanodine receptors. The optimal control problem is considered as a coupled nonlocal reaction-diffusion system with a transmission boundary condition covering the sarcoplasmic reticulum and cytosolic domain. We establish the well-posedness result of the adjoint problem using Faedo-Galerkin approximation, a priori estimates and compactness arguments. The numerical discretization of direct and adjoint problems is realized by using the implicit Euler method in time and the finite element for spatial discretization. Moreover, we obtain the stability result in the 2-norm for the direct and the adjoint discrete problems. Finally, in order to illustrate the control of our calcium dynamic model, we present some numerical experiments devoted to constant and nonlocal diffusions using the proposed numerical scheme

Critical Reynolds number for nonlinear flow through rough-walled fractures: The role of shear processes

This paper experimentally investigates the role of shear processes on the variation of critical Reynolds number and nonlinear flow through rough-walled rock fractures. A quantitative criterion was developed to quantify the onset of nonlinear flow by comprehensive combination of Forchheimer's law and Reynolds number. At each shear displacement, several high-precision water flow tests were carried out with different hydraulic gradients then the critical Reynolds number was determined based on the developed criterion. The results show that (i) the Forchheimer's law was fitted very well to experimental results of nonlinear fluid flow through rough-walled fractures, (ii) the coefficients of viscous and inertial pressure drops experience 4 and 7 orders of magnitude reduction during shear displacement, respectively, and (iii) the critical Reynolds number varies from 0.001 to 25 and experiences 4 orders of magnitude enlargement by increasing shear displacement from 0 to 20 mm. These findings may prove useful in proper understanding of fluid flow through rock fractures, or inclusions in computational studies of large-scale nonlinear flow in fractured rocks