APLICAÇÃO DE REDES NEURAIS NA CLASSIFICAÇÃO DE IMAGENS DE ALTA RESOLUÇÃO ESPACIAL E DADOS DO LASER SCANNER, USANDO UMA ABORDAGEM ORIENTADA A REGIÕES

A classificação digital de imagens de sensoriamento remoto tem ganho, nas últimas décadas, reconhecimento como técnica para suprir a escassez dos mapeamentos temáticos. Atualmente, novos sensores, com maior resolução espacial, encontram-se disponíveis no mercado, aumentando o potencial uso de imagens de satélite. No entanto, estas novas imagens demandam novas técnicas de análise, pois oferecem um maior grau de detalhe, o que possibilita a identificação de objetos em função de suas propriedades espectrais e espaciais. Ao mesmo tempo, novos dados espaciais vem sendo coletados por sensores aerotransportados, como os dados do laser scanner. Estes dados altimétricos representam uma característica particular dos objetos presentes na superfície da Terra, sua elevação, o que os torna uma informação complementar valiosa na análise de imagens de sensoriamento remoto. O presente estudo aborda o tema da integração de dados derivados de um levantamento laser scanner com imagens de satélite de alta resolução espacial, Quickbird, para o mapeamento de áreas urbanas. Para isto, uma metodologia orientada à análise de regiões na imagem é proposta. Inicialmente, o ganho obtido com a inclusão dos dados do laser scanner é comparado com o ganho resultante do uso de parâmetros espaciais derivados das imagens, através da análise da separabilidade das classes e a classificação de áreas de treinamento. Os resultados mostram que a contribuição da informação altimétrica é muito maior do que aquela atribuída aos descritores de forma. Em uma segunda fase, a utilização de redes neurais artificiais como ferramenta para a integração dos dados espectrais e espaciais foi avaliada, sendo que esta metodologia comprovou ser mais eficiente do que outras abordagens tradicionais. O uso de redes neurais e os dados do laser scanner aumentam a qualidade do mapa temático em regiões onde a informação espectral não é suficiente para discriminar objetos diferentes. Applying neural network by classifying images of high spatial resolution and laser scanner data, using an approach to oriented region Abstract Remote sensing digital image classification has been recognized, in the last decades, as a technique for thematic maping. Today, new sensors, with enhanced spatial resolution, are available in the market, increasing the potential use of satellite images. However, the new images demand new analysis techniques, because they are richer in details, which should facilitate the identification of objects, based on its spectral and spatial properties. At the same time, other spatial data are being collected from airborne sensors, as laser scanner data. The altimetric information represents a special characteristic of the objects present on the earth´s surface, its elevation, which turns them a valuable information for the analysis of remote sensing images. The present study focuses on the integration of laser scanner data and remote sensing images with high spatial resolution, Quickbird imagery, for urban mapping. For this urpose, a region oriented aproach is proposed.Initially, the gain obtained with the use of laser scanner is compared to the gain that results using of spatial parameters in the classification process. For this urtose, the separability of the classes was analysed and selected samles were classified. The experiments proved that the contribution of laser scanner data is larger than that attributed to spatial paremeters, form parameters. In a second step, the use of artificial neural nets as a tool for the integration of spectral and spatial data was evaluated. This methodology prooved to be more efficient than other traditional approaches. The use of neural nets and laser scanner data increased the quality of the thematic map in areas where spectral information is not enough to discriminate different objects

Next generation intelligent completions for multi-stacked brownfield in Malaysia

Multi-stacked brownfield in Malaysia is known to have zonal contrast reservoir pressure and water cut. Commingled production without any flow control such as conventional on-off sliding sleeve will induce cross flow of production from a high pressure reservoir to lower pressure reservoir which disables optimum oil production. Having high zonal water cut contrast will cause early or excessive water production translates to deferred oil production. To pro-actively prevent these occurrences, adaptation of intelligent completion components such as Permanent Downhole Gauge (PDG) and surface-controlled Flow Control Valve (FCV) can be used. Downhole FCV choke is designed to cater for the dynamic changes of reservoir properties predicted over well life. In order to standardize the FCV choke sizing by well or by campaign, the choke sizing will be averaged to fit for all layers which is not the ultimate optimized design for maximum oil production. Latest in market today, electrical driven infinite position FCV is the solution to conventional hydraulic actuated FCV. Having infinite position enables optimized choke sizing for all reservoir layers and flexible to tackle uncertainties and dynamic changes of reservoir properties over time which enables the ultimate optimum oil production and water cut reduction. Besides choke sizing, deployment method and operating method also contribute to installation and operating efficiency. Conventional multi-position FCVs in market today are either fully hydraulic operated or electro-hydraulic operated which require hydraulic pump units at surface to enable pressuring up hydraulic control lines to change the position of FCV. It is also time consuming during deployment due to the requirement of electrical splicing, hydraulic splicing and FCV actuation sequence. Infinite position FCV is electrically operated using single downhole cable that can be multi-dropped to more than 25 FCV which reduces deployment time. With WellWatcher Advisor software that provides real time optimization features, operating efficiency is improved significantly with infinite position FCV as compared to conventional multi-position FCV and on-off sliding sleeve

The last erosional stage of the Molasse Basin and the Alps

We present a synoptic overview of the Miocene-present development of the northern Alpine foreland basin (Molasse Basin), with special attention to the pattern of surface erosion and sediment discharge in the Alps. Erosion of the Molasse Basin started at the same time that the rivers originating in the Central Alps were deflected toward the Bresse Graben, which formed part of the European Cenozoic rift system. This change in the drainage direction decreased the distance to the marine base level by approximately 1,000km, which in turn decreased the average topographic elevation in the Molasse Basin by at least 200m. Isostatic adjustment to erosional unloading required ca. 1,000m of erosion to account for this inferred topographic lowering. A further inference is that the resulting increase in the sediment discharge at the Miocene-Pliocene boundary reflects the recycling of Molasse units. We consider that erosion of the Molasse Basin occurred in response to a shift in the drainage direction rather than because of a change in paleoclimate. Climate left an imprint on the Alpine landscape, but presumably not before the beginning of glaciation at the Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary. Similar to the northern Alpine foreland, we do not see a strong climatic fingerprint on the pattern or rates of exhumation of the External Massifs. In particular, the initiation and acceleration of imbrication and antiformal stacking of the foreland crust can be considered solely as a response to the convergence of Adria and Europe, irrespective of erosion rates. However, the recycling of the Molasse deposits since 5Ma and the associated reduction of the loads in the foreland could have activated basement thrusts beneath the Molasse Basin in order to restore a critical wedge. In conclusion, we see the need for a more careful consideration of both tectonic and climatic forcing on the development of the Alps and the adjacent Molasse Basi

Multi-scale imaging of a slow active fault zone: contribution for improved seismic hazard assessment in the Swiss Alpine foreland

Seismic hazard assessment of slow active fault zones is challenging as usually only a few decades of sparse instrumental seismic monitoring is available to characterize seismic activity. Tectonic features linked to the observed seismicity can be mapped by seismic imaging techniques and/or geomorphological and structural evidences. In this study, we investigate a seismic lineament located in the Swiss Alpine foreland, which was discussed in previous work as being related to crustal structures carrying in size the potential of a magnitude M 6 earthquake. New, low-magnitude (−2.0 ≤ ML ≤ 2.5) earthquake data are used to image the spatial and temporal distribution of seismogenic features in the target area. Quantitative and qualitative analyses are applied to the waveform dataset to better constrain earthquakes distribution and source processes. Potential tectonic features responsible for the observed seismicity are modelled based on new reinterpretations of oil industry seismic profiles and recent field data in the study area. The earthquake and tectonic datasets are then integrated in a 3D model. Spatially, the seismicity correlates over 10–15 km with a N–S oriented sub-vertical fault zone imaged in seismic profiles in the Mesozoic cover units above a major decollement on top of the mechanically more rigid basement and seen in outcrops of Tertiary series east of the city of Fribourg. Observed earthquakes cluster at shallow depth (<4 km) in the sedimentary cover. Given the spatial extend of the observed seismicity, we infer the potential of a moderate size earthquake to be generated on the lineament. However, since the existence of along strike structures in the basement cannot be excluded, a maximum M 6 earthquake cannot be ruled out. Thus, the Fribourg Lineament constitutes a non-negligible source of seismic hazard in the Swiss Alpine foreland

Pre-existing basement faults controlling deformation in the Jura Mountains fold-and-thrust belt: Insights from analogue models

Pre-existing faults in the mechanical basement are believed to play an important role in controlling deformation of the thin-skinned Jura Mountains fold-and-thrust belt, which constitutes the northernmost extension of the European Alps. We use brittle-viscous analogue models to investigate the influence of frontal and oblique basement steps on the subsequent evolution of structures during thin-skinned shortening. Vertical offset between two rigid baseplates (simulating the mechanical basement) causes the formation of reverse faults and grabens in the overlying brittle layers that are not reactivated during subsequent thin-skinned shortening. However, baseplate steps localise deformation, causing a temporary frontward propagation of deformation in an early stage and inhibiting propagation afterwards. Downward baseplate steps induce very strong deformation localisation and foster the formation of fault-bend folds. Models featuring upward steps develop step-controlled pop-up structures with imbricated fronts and viscous ramps that shorten dynamically with progressive contraction. We find that deformation localisation increases both with higher step-throws and lower obliquity (α) of the strike of the step (e.g. frontal step α = 0°). With increasing step-throws, α = 30° and α = 45° oblique upward-steps lead to a characteristic imbrication of the brittle cover with laterally confined thrust-slices and step-parallel oblique-thrusts, which rotate up to 15° about a vertical axis over time. Step-controlled backthrusts preceding the formation of thrust-slices do not show notable rotation and hence constitute excellent indicators for the orientation of oblique upward-steps. The topographic patterns of oblique-step models resemble individual thin-skinned structures of the Internal Jura (i.e. Pontarlier and Vuache fault zones, the nappe system SE of Oyonnax and the Chasseral anticline), strongly suggesting that pre-existing NNE-SSW and NW-SE striking oblique upward-steps in the basement controlled deformation in the overlying cover. Our model results may be applied to other thin-skinned fold-and-thrust belts worldwide that formed above pre-existing basement structures

Cretaceous-Tertiary geodynamics: a North Atlantic exercise

New reconstructions are presented for the Cretaceous–Early Tertiary North Atlantic using a combination of palaeomagnetic, hotspot and magnetic anomaly data. We utilize these reconstructions in an analysis of previously described misfits between the North Atlantic Plate elements at successive intervals during this time period. We are able to achieve reasonable overlap between the hotspot and palaeomagnetic reconstructions between 40 and 95 Ma and thus are able to support the idea that the Indo–Atlantic hotspots are relatively stationary. Small, but systematic discrepancies for this time interval can readily be modelled with a long-term, octopole non-dipole field contribution (G3 = g₃⁰/g₁⁰ = 0.08). However, hotspot and palaeomagnetic reconstructions for the Early Cretaceous North Atlantic show substantial differences that cannot be explained by constant, non-dipole fields and we favour an explanation for these discrepancies in terms of true polar wander (TPW) triggered by mantle instabilities between 125 and 95 Ma; this constitutes the only identifiable event of significant TPW since the Early Cretaceous. Taken in the context of available geochronological and geological data and seismic tomography from the region, the 95–40 Ma reconstructions and their time-consequent geological products are interpreted in terms of specific conditions of mantle-crust coupling and global plate motions/tectonic activity. Highlights from these reconstructions show uniform NE movement of the coupled North American, Greenland and Eurasian plates from 95 to 80 Ma; a marked cusp in the paths for all three elements at 80 Ma where the three plates simultaneously change direction and follow a uniform NW-directed motion until c. 20 Ma when Eurasia diverges NE, away from the still-NW-moving Greenland and North American elements. Positioning of the Iceland plume beneath the spreading-ridge at 20 Ma may have increased upwelling below the ridge, increased the ridge-push, and caused a NE shift in the absolute direction of Eurasia

Detection and analysis of morphotectonic features utilizing satellite remote sensing and GIS: An example in SW Jordan

This study investigates the dominant orientations of morphological features and the relationship between these trends and the spatial orientation of tectonic structures in SW Jordan. Landsat 8 and hill-shaded images, constructed from 30 m-resolution ASTER-GDEM data, were used for automatically extracting and mapping geological lineaments. The ASTER-GDEM was further utilized to automatically identify and extract drainage network. Morphological features were analyzed by means of azimuth frequency and length density distributions. Tectonic controls on the land surface were evaluated using longitudinal profiles of many westerly flowing streams. The profiles were taken directly across the northerly trending faults within a strong topographic transition between the low-gradient uplands and the deeply incised mountain front on the east side of the Dead Sea Fault Zone. Streams of the area are widely divergent, and show numerous anomalies along their profiles when they transect faults and lineaments. Five types of drainage patterns were identified: dendritic, parallel, rectangular, trellis, and modified dendritic/trellis. Interpretation and analysis of the lineaments indicate the presence of four main lineament populations that trend ~ E–W, ~ N–S, NE–SW, and NW–SE. Azimuthal distribution analysis of both the measured structures and drainage channels shows similar trends, except for very few differences in the prevailing directions. The similarity in orientation of lineaments, drainage system, and subsurface structural trends highlights the degree of control exerted by underlying structure on the surface geomorphological features. Faults and lineaments serve as a preferential conduit for surface running waters. The extracted lineaments were divided into five populations based on the main age of host rocks outcropping in the study area to obtain information about the temporal evolution of the lineament trends through geologic time. A general consistency in lineament trends over the different lithological units was observed, most probably because repeated reactivation of tectonism along preexisting deep structural discontinuities which are apparently crustal weakness zones. The reactivation along such inherited discontinuities under the present-day stress field is the most probable explanation of the complicated pattern and style of present-day landscape features in SW Jordan

The Always Instituted Economy and the Disembedded Market: Polanyi’s Dual Critique of Market Capitalism

Polanyi’s concept of “embeddedness” has been the subject of debate. Various authors have argued that it reveals a contradiction. They contend that Polanyi states that all economies are always embedded, while simultaneously maintaining that the modern market economy is exceptional because it is disembedded. Others claim that there is no contradiction in Polanyi’s thought but that he is merely describing a contradiction of the market economy. In this text, I argue that both sides fail to discern two different concepts: “institutedness” and “embeddedness.” “Institutedness” denotes the idea that economic behavior is always dependent on and the result of certain forms of social organization. In turn, the distinction between embeddedness and disembeddedness is inspired by the Aristotelian distinction between natural and unnatural economic behavior. This distinction refers to the finality of economic behavior: is it directed at the thriving of an ethical community or is it instead directed at wealth acquisition as an end in itself? I argue that both institutedness and (dis)embeddedness fulfill a crucial, though different, role in Polanyi’s critique of market capitalism. I conclude by giving a preliminary outline of what could be the implications for a (neo-)Polanyian political economy of my analysis

BUSINESS CYCLES IN LATIN AMERICAN ECONOMY: 1950-2007

This article looks for the existence of common cycles in Latin America between 1950 and 2007. In this study, we used the technique of changing the Markovian regime, which in addition to univariate and multivariate formulations were tested bivariate arrangements. The main results indicate that it is possible to characterize the periods of growth and recessions in Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Mexico, especially in the two oil shocks in the beginning and the end of the 1970s; the crisis of balance of payments; and the problems of relative prices. Despite the existence of causality, bivariate models were tested between Argentina and Brazil, Chile and Mexico. The results suggest that smoothing of cycles, and the existence of movements of adjustment of economies to exogenous shocks that disrupted its dynamics of growth. It was also possible to identify differences in the speed of cyclical adjustment in each economy.Esse artigo tem como objetivo avaliar a existência de ciclos comuns na América Latina entre 1950 e 2007. Nesse estudo, foi utilizada a técnica de mudança de regime Markoviano, que além das formulações univariadas e multivariadas foi testado arranjos bivariados. Os principais resultados indicam que é possível caracterizar os períodos de crescimento e recessão na Argentina, Brasil, Chile e México, especialmente nos dois choques do petróleo no início e fim dos anos 1970; na crise do Balanço de Pagamentos; e dos problemas de preços relativos. Devido à existência de causalidade foram testados modelos bivariados entre Argentina e Brasil, Chile e México. Os resultados sugerem que a existência de movimentos de ajuste das economias a choques exógenos interromperam a dinâmica dos ciclos de crescimento. Também foi possível identificar diferenças na velocidade do ajuste cíclico em cada economia

Optimizing event detection and location in low‐seismicity zones: case study from western Switzerland

Obtaining robust event catalogs in regions of low seismicity can be time-consuming, because quality events are less frequent and sensor coverage is generally sparse. Optimizing event detection and location in such regions is all the more crucial because these areas tend to host a higher density of sensitive infrastructures. The meth- odology proposed consists of reprocessing existing data recorded by a permanent net-work and boosting the final catalog resolution by temporarily deploying portable sparse mini-arrays in the target area. Sonogram analysis is applied on both existing and new datasets to detect waveforms barely emerging from the background noise. A visual interactive event analysis module is used to test for phase picking, event asso- ciation, waveform cross correlation, and location ambiguities. It also estimates back azimuth and slowness when sparse array data are available. The method is applied to a low-seismicity region in the western Swiss Molasse basin where two sparse mini- arrays were temporarily deployed. The detection of earthquakes is improved by a fac- tor of 9 when reprocessing four yrs (2009–2013) of available data recorded by two accelerometers and one broadband station in a 2500 km2 target area. Magnitude estimations are empirically calibrated over four magnitude units, down to −1:7 ML, lowering the existing catalog completeness by close to one magnitude unit. After validating picking and location accuracies with a standard residual-based scheme, 174 newly detected events are relocated, illuminating zones of previously undetected microseismic activity