Eficacia de la suplementación con β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) en el deporte: actualización e implicación práctica

Introduction: although β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) is generally marketed as a supplement for increasing muscle mass and strength, it is still not fully understood how and in which particular sports and conditions HMB can be more effective. Aims: the primary purpose of this review is to update and summarize the current knowledge about the usefulness of HMB and to organize this information by different sports with specific reference to sports with high wear and tear phenomena as soccer, rugby or football. Methods: a search was performed in PubMed database. This review presents the results about HMB use in sport. Results: the articles identified in this review support the notion that HMB could help to attenuate tissue catabolism and initiate muscle anabolism particularly in untrained individuals exposed to strenuous exercise or when trained individual are exposed to periods of high physical stress. HMB could therefore be applied in some specific periods of athlete’s season where there are high-intensity training periods, high density of competitions and little recovery time between them, starting recovery phases from an injury period and/or any other different situation where performance or recovery could be affected by a great catabolic environment. Conclusion: this update contributes to clarify and define possible mechanisms and/or effectiveness of HMB supplementation related to endurance sports (i.e. cycling and athletics), strength-power sports (i.e. resistance training, football, rugby, soccer, judo, waterpolo and rowing) and recreational activities.Introducción: aunque el β-hidroxi-β-metilbutirato (HMB) se ha empleado generalmente como suplemento para aumentar la masa muscular y la fuerza, es necesario un mejor entendimiento de su función y averiguar en qué deportes es más efectivo. Objetivos: el objetivo principal de esta revisión es actualizar y resumir el conocimiento existente en torno a la utilización del HMB para clasificarla en función de cada modalidad deportiva, con especial mención a aquellas actividades con un alto grado de destrucción muscular, como pueden ser el fútbol, el rugby o el fútbol americano. Métodos: se utilizó la base de datos PubMed para la búsqueda de artículos. Esta revisión presenta los resultados sobre la utilización de HMB clasificados por deportes. Resultados: la mayoría de los artículos seleccionados sugieren que cuando una persona entrenada o no entrenada se somete a un ejercicio intenso o diferente al habitual, el HMB puede atenuar el catabolismo muscular producido e iniciar los procesos anabólicos necesarios para recuperar lo antes posible. De esta forma, el HMB podría aplicarse en algunos momentos concretos de la temporada deportiva en los que hubiera períodos con entrenamientos de alta intensidad, o durante un periodo con alta densidad competitiva y con poca recuperación entre competiciones, o bien durante las primeras fases de la readaptación física después de una lesión y/o durante cualquier otra situación en la que el rendimiento o la recuperación se pueden ver afectados por un entorno altamente catabólico. Conclusión: esta revisión pretende aclarar y definir los posibles mecanismos por los que la suplementación con HMB puede ser efectiva en deportes de resistencia (ciclismo y carreras de fondo), en deportes de fuerza-potencia (fútbol, yudo, waterpolo, remo, fútbol americano y musculación) y en actividades deportivas recreacionales.This work was supported by the Andalusian Sports Medicine Centre (C.A.M.D.) through project no. EX-2005/07. FBO is granted by the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (RYC-2011-09011)

Exercise-Based Training Strategies to Reduce the Incidence or Mitigate the Risk Factors of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury in Adult Football (Soccer) Players: A Systematic Review

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is one of the most concerning injuries for football players. The aim of this review is to investigate the effects of exercise-based interventions targeting at reducing ACL injury rate or mitigating risk factors of ACL injury in adult football players. Following PRISMA guidelines, a systematic search was conducted in CINAHL, Cochrane Library, PubMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscus and Web of Science. Studies assessing the effect of exercise-based interventions in ACL injury incidence or modifiable risk factors in adult football players were included. 29 studies evaluating 4502 male and 1589 female players were included (15 RCT, 8 NRCT, 6 single-arm): 14 included warm-up, 7 resistance training, 4 mixed training, 3 balance, 1 core stability and 1 technique modification interventions. 6 out of 29 studies investigated the effect of interventions on ACL injury incidence, while the remaining 23 investigated their effect on risk factors. Only 21% and 13% studies evaluating risk of injury variables reported reliability measures and/or smallest worthwhile change data. Warm-up, core stability, balance and technique modification appear effective and feasible interventions to be included in football teams. However, the use of more ecologically valid tests and individually tailored interventions targeting specific ACL injury mechanisms are required

Exercise-Based Training Strategies to Reduce the Incidence or Mitigate the Risk Factors of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury in Adult Football (Soccer) Players: A Systematic Review

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is one of the most concerning injuries for football players. The aim of this review is to investigate the effects of exercise-based interventions targeting at reducing ACL injury rate or mitigating risk factors of ACL injury in adult football players. Following PRISMA guidelines, a systematic search was conducted in CINAHL, Cochrane Library, PubMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscus and Web of Science. Studies assessing the effect of exercise-based interventions in ACL injury incidence or modifiable risk factors in adult football players were included. 29 studies evaluating 4502 male and 1589 female players were included (15 RCT, 8 NRCT, 6 single-arm): 14 included warm-up, 7 resistance training, 4 mixed training, 3 balance, 1 core stability and 1 technique modification interventions. 6 out of 29 studies investigated the effect of interventions on ACL injury incidence, while the remaining 23 investigated their effect on risk factors. Only 21% and 13% studies evaluating risk of injury variables reported reliability measures and/or smallest worthwhile change data. Warm-up, core stability, balance and technique modification appear effective and feasible interventions to be included in football teams. However, the use of more ecologically valid tests and individually tailored interventions targeting specific ACL injury mechanisms are required.</jats:p

La electroestimulación como medio de entrenamiento en deportes colectivos: aspectos a tener en cuenta

Desde el punto de vista de la preparación física en deportes colectivos, en las últimas décadas, cada vez son más numerosas las investigaciones que contrastan la eficacia de la electroestimulación (ES) como método de entrenamiento. El presente trabajo revisa y compara resultados de diversos estudios publicados en revistas científicas de impacto (Journal Citation Reports -JCR-) que refuerzan la idea de la existencia de distintos puntos de vista acerca de los efectos de la aplicación de un protocolo de entrenamiento de estas características. Concretamente, la revisión se centra en estudios que tratan de comprobar qué efecto tiene la aplicación de ES en la musculatura extensora de rodilla, evaluando dos parámetros: fuerza máxima y altura alcanzada por el centro de gravedad en salto vertical. Se pone de manifiesto que la aplicación de corrientes eléctricas sobre la musculatura extensora de rodilla mejora el nivel de fuerza máxima de forma localizada, pero no siempre incrementa la altura del centro de gravedad en salto vertical. Por tanto, antes de seleccionar cualquier tipo de metodología de entrenamiento, se recomienda estudiar de forma pormenorizada sus fortalezas y debilidades teniendo en cuenta los objetivos a conseguir para actuar en consecuencia

Doping prevention in elite athletes

Tesis Univ. Granada. Departamento de Educación Física y Deportiv

Propuesta de programación para el aprendizaje del esquí alpino en cinco sesiones para principiantes

La presente programación didáctica está encaminada a guiar el proceso enseñanza-aprendizaje del esquí alpino de un grupo de hasta 6 principiantes (nivel 0) estando diseñada para un desarrollo en el tiempo de 5 sesiones de 5 horas. Asimismo se ha considerado en todo momento una meteorología favorable. Para cada sesión se establecen una serie de premisas a cumplir por el docente así como un conjunto de aspectos a tener en cuenta por parte del alumno. Por tanto, se justifica el diseño y confección de esta programación a modo de conjunto de decisiones preactivas, es decir, anteriores a la intervención docente con el fin de conseguir que el proceso enseñanza-aprendizaje sea de calidad y, en todo momento, controlado y seguro. Por tanto la consecución de los objetivos diseñados conllevará la asimilación de unos contenidos a través de la ejecución de una serie de tareas que se traducirán en una progresión técnica por medio de un proceso lo más lúdico posible

Attitudes towards Doping and Related Experience in Spanish National Cycling Teams According to Different Olympic Disciplines

Attitudes towards doping are considered an influence of doping intentions. The aims of the present study were 1) to discover and compare the attitudes towards doping among Spanish national team cyclists from different Olympic disciplines, as well as 2) to get some complementary information that could better explain the context. The sample was comprised of seventy-two cyclists: mean age 19.67±4.72 years; 70.8% males (n = 51); from the different Olympic disciplines of Mountain bike -MTB- (n = 18), Bicycle Moto Cross -BMX- (n = 12), Track -TRA- (n = 9) and Road -ROA- (n = 33). Descriptive design was carried out using a validated scale (PEAS). To complement this, a qualitative open-ended questionnaire was used. Overall mean score (17–102) was 36.12±9.39. For different groups, the data were: MTB: 30.28±6.92; BMX: 42.46±10.74; TRA: 43.22±12.00; ROA: 34.91±6.62, respectively. In relation to overall score, significant differences were observed between MTB and BMX (p = 0.002) and between MTB and TRA (p = 0.003). For the open-ended qualitative questionnaire, the most mentioned word associated with “doping” was “cheating” (48.83% of total sample), with “responsible agents of doping” the word “doctor” (52,77%), and with the “main reason for the initiation in doping” the words “sport achievement” (45.83%). The major proposed solution was “doing more doping controls” (43.05%). Moreover, 48.67% stated that there was “a different treatment between cycling and other sports”. This study shows that Spanish national team cyclists from Olympic cycling disciplines, in general, are not tolerant in relation to doping. BMX and Track riders are a little more permissive towards the use of banned substances than MTB and Road. Results from the qualitative open-ended questionnaire showed interesting data in specific questions. These results empower the idea that, apart from maintaining doping controls and making them more efficient, anti-doping education programs are needed from the earliest ages.This study was supported by a grant from the Spanish Ministry of Education (AP2009–0529)

Grado de satisfacción del usuario de ciclismo indoor en los centros deportivos de Granada

The aim of this study was to know and compare indoor cycling client’ satisfaction and commitment levels in sports clubs and fitness centers in Granada, in general, and taking into account the sport center size (large vs small) and gender. Total sample was composed of 148 subjects (31.8 ± 9.9 years; 62 men) from 12 sports centers (75 from large size sport center, 73 from small sport centers). This descriptive cross-sectional pilot study was carried out by means of a validated questionnaire. Indoor cycling users s are mostly female and non-sporadic. Males were more satisfied than females, while elderly participation is very low. The way participants were treated by the monitor was considered as one of the most valued and most important factors in relation with customers satisfaction level. Significant differences were not found betwen the so-called large and small fitness centers. The indoor cycling users’ level of satisfaction and commitment in the metropolitan area of Granada was remarkable. Overall, no significant differences between so-called large centers and small centers were found. Women, despite being less satisfied than men, attend more regularly.El objetivo del presente estudio fue conocer y comparar el grado de fidelidad y de satisfacción del practicante de ciclismo indoor en Granada a nivel general y atendiendo al género y al tamaño su centro deportivo (grande vs pequeño). Un total de 148 sujetos (31.8±9.9 años; 62 hombres) procedentes de 12 centros deportivos (75 de centros grandes; 73 de centros pequeños) conformaron la muestra. Este estudio piloto se presenta bajo un diseño descriptivo de tipo transversal a través de un cuestionario validado. Se observó que el usuario, en mayor medida de género femenino, de esta actividad es fiel y no esporádico. Ellos están más satisfechos que ellas, mientras que el trato ofrecido por el monitor se presenta como una de las acciones más valoradas de cara a la satisfacción del cliente. El grado de satisfacción y de fidelización del cliente de ciclismo indoor del área metropolitana de Granada es notable. En líneas generales, no se encontraron diferencias importantes entre centros grandes y pequeños, ni entre hombres y mujeres

Percentage of participants who make a specific statement (% n).

<p>Percentage of participants who make a specific statement (% n).</p

Descriptive statistics and comparisons between different Olympic cycling disciplines (Total sample, Road, MTB, BMX and Track) for the overall score of the Performance Enhancement Attitudes Scale (PEAS).

*<p>p≤0.0125.</p>1–2<p>Significant differences between MTB and BMX groups.</p>1–3<p>Significant differences between MTB and Track groups.</p