La harinería castellana y el capitalismo agrario en el tránsito a la industrialización, 1788-1868

El propósito de este trabajo es evaluar los efectos del desarrollo de la harineria en la agricultura castellana. La producción de harinas provocó un incremento de la tierra dedicada al cultivo de trigo, pero no estimuló transformaciones tecnológicas de alcance. Las exportaciones de harina a Europa Occidental y al Caribe indujeron cambios en la distribución del ingreso: la renta de la tierra se incremento, mientras que los salarios disminuyeron. La fabricación de harinas ni siquiera estimuló la modernización del mercado cerealero, debido a las restricciones al libre comercio impuestas por el Gobierno, cuya politica agraria en lo que concernia a la harineria estaba todavla inspirada en el mercantilismo.The aim of this work is to discuss the effects of the development of flour milling in Castilian agriculture. The flour production provoked an increase of the land devoted to growing wheat, but it did not encourage any technical changes. Exports of flour to Western Europe and the Caribbean produced changes in income distribution: the rent of the land increased while wages went down. Flour milling did not even lead to the modernization of the corn market, due to the restrictions to free trade imposed by the government, whose agrarian policy related to flour milling was still inspired by mercantilism thought

Protección arancelaria, distorsiones de mercado y beneficios extraordinarios: la producción de harinas Castilla la Vieja, 1820-1841

Editada en la Fundación Empresa PúblicaEl propósito de este trabajo es tratar de explicar el incretnento de la oferta castellana de harinas entre 1820 y 1841 como resultado de los cambios en la política comercial. Desde 1820, los gobiernos de Femando VII aprobaron nuevas tarifas protectoras en la pretensión de excluir el consumo de harinas extranjeras en el mercado nacional y cubano. Como consecuencia de la aplicación de estos derechos arancelarios, el número de fábricas en activo en Castilla se vio incrementado. Hemos de distinguir dos tipos de molinos establecidos en el Canal de Castilla y sus alrededores: los que pueden ser considerados como fábricas en cuanto tal y aquellos cuyo trabajo era próximo al propio del putting-out-system conocido para otras dedicaciones industriales. Ambos establecimientos eran propiedad de un cártel formado por mayoristas de harinas santanderinos que obtuvieron un considerabe volumen de beneficios gracias a su privilegiada posición en el mercado.The aim of this work is to explain the increase of the Castillian supply of flour as a result of the changes in the commercial policy between 1820-1841. Since 1820 the gouvemments of Femando VII approved new protective tarifiis with the purpose of exduding the consumption of foreing flour in the domestic and the Cuban markets. As a consequence, the number of flour milling factories working in Castille grew up. We have to distinguish between two kinds of milis set up cióse dio the Canal de Castilla: those with can be consdidered «factories» and those other whose work is near to the puttíngout- systetn. Both plants were owned by a cartel formed by flour dealers from Santander who obtained considerable profíts thanks to their privileged positíon in the marketPublicad

Height and standar of living in Puerto Rico from the spanish enlightenment to annexation by the United States, 1770-1924.

Producción CientíficaThis preliminary work presents a first series of heights of male adults in Puerto Rico. The sample, made up of 6,000 prisoner records. the estimates were systematically assessed for selectivity, and we find that selectivity is quite negligible for the main results. The text studies the extreme dependence of the standard of living on the evolution of the price of sugar, a dependence which caused the progressive deterioration of material well-being in the country. Only between 1860 and 1880 did Puerto Ricans enjoy some improvement and a higher level of height. We measures the negative short-term effects of the 1898 annexation Puerto Rico by the United States

Rum, Business and Society in Cuba, 1832-1965

Producción CientíficaThis article maintains the hypothesis that Cuba was able to become one of the world’s biggest rum producers thanks to the external economics provided by its social capital. In fact, Cuban rum producers had to face Spanish commercial tariffs first, and then those of the US. It was only thanks to the social and economic networks built by Catalonian producers in the industrial districts that they created that rum firms could reduce their costs and become competitive. Additionally, both commercial restrictions and high internal transaction costs pushed these firms toward greater horizontal and vertical integration. As a result of this process, in 1959 Havana Club and Bacardí were two of the most powerful beverage firms in the world. This study tries to identify the founders, origin, organization and strategies of great non-sug-ar Cuban companies which are not very well known in historiography

The joint influence of competition and mutualism on the biodiversity of mutualistic ecosystems

Relations among species in ecosystems can be represented by complex networks where both negative (competition) and positive (mutualism) interactions are concurrently present. Recently, it has been shown that many ecosystems can be cast into mutualistic networks, and that nestedness reduces effective inter-species competition, thus facilitating mutually beneficial interactions and increasing the number of coexisting species or the biodiversity. However, current approaches neglect the structure of inter-species competition by adopting a mean-field perspective that does not deal with competitive interactions properly. Here, we introduce a framework based on the concept of multilayer networks, which naturally accounts for both mutualism and competition. Hence, we abandon the mean field hypothesis and show, through a dynamical population model and numerical simulations, that there is an intricate relation between competition and mutualism. Specifically, we show that when all interactions are taken into account, mutualism does not have the same consequences on the evolution of specialist and generalist species. This leads to a non-trivial profile of biodiversity in the parameter space of competition and mutualism. Our findings emphasize how the simultaneous consideration of positive and negative interactions can contribute to our understanding of the delicate trade-offs between topology and biodiversity in ecosystems and call for a reconsideration of previous findings in theoretical ecology, as they may affect the structural and dynamical stability of mutualistic systems.Comment: 11 pages. Submitted for publicatio

La medición retrospectiva del bienestar mediante indicadores antropométricos: Zamora, 1840-1935

En este trabajo analizamos la altura de la población de una ciudad castellana, Zamora, en el largo plazo, con el propósito de estimar la evolución de su nivel de vida. Nuestro objetivo es probar que el capitalismo agrario como estrategia de crecimiento provocó un incremento del nivel de vida menor que el que indujo la industrialización plena. Por otra parte, constatamos la existencia de una "penalización" urbana en Castilla. Los niveles de vida de la población rural fueron más altos que los calculados para la urbana, al menos, hasta comienzos del siglo XX.In this paper we analyse the population height of a Castilian town, Zamora, in the long term in order to estimate the evolution of standard of living. Our aim is to prove that the agrarian capitalism a economic development strategy provoked and improvement of the standard of living smaller that the industrialization. On the other hand, we reveal the existence of an "urban penalty" in Castile. Rural inhabitants' standard of living, were higher than those calculated for the urban population, at least, until the beginnings of the 20 century