Determinación y gestión forestal de un corredor biológicos para aves endémicas de bosques templados "Hotspot" de biodiversidad

Los bosques naturales del mundo han sufrido un proceso de deforestación sin precedentes en la última mitad del siglo XX. Además de la pérdida de superficie forestal, los bosques remanentes han sido intensamente fragmentados. Ambos procesos de degradación de ecosistemas son fenómenos que ocurren a escala global y constituyen problemas ambientales graves por su impacto sobre la biodiversidad. En aras de la conservación de la biodiversidad de estos ecosistemas degradados, se han buscado soluciones de gestión que permitan realizar una conectividad de zonas con alto valor de biodiversidad, así como desarrollar una mejor conservación de estas zonas, gestionándolas como una superficie continua de bosques. En este marco nace el concepto de corredor biológico (CB). La presente investigación demuestra la aplicabilidad de un CB como herramienta de gestión para la conservación de aves endémicas de los ecosistemas de bosques templados del sur de Chile, los cuales son definidos como “Hotspot” de biodiversidad mundial. Se ha diseñado, a tal fin, un corredor biológico en la cordillera de Nahuelbuta para aves endémicas de los bosques templados de Chile, sobre la base, principalmente, de su selección de hábitat. El corredor diseñado cubre 10773,5 ha, las cuales son, en su mayoría, zonas de pendientes media-bajas, expuestas a solana o semiumbría y con vegetación dominada por especies de los géneros Nothofagus y Nothofagus con Araucaria. Delimitar claramente un corredor a través de variables aplicables a la planificación forestal nos permitió generar propuestas para una gestión de estos bosques que apoye, tanto la conservación de especies de fauna endémicas frágiles características de estos bosques, como el uso sustentable de los recursos naturales de estos ecosistemas forestales, constituyentes, como se ha dicho, de un “Hotspot” de biodiversidad mundial.World's natural forests have suffered a deforestation process unprecedented in the last half century XX. Furthermore, the reductions in forest area have contributed to heavily fragmenting the remaining forests. Both processes of ecosystems’ degradation are phenomena that occur globally and constitute serious environmental problems with major impacts on biodiversity. With the purpose of conserving the biodiversity of these degraded ecosystems, management solutions have been looked out that permit ensuring a better conservation of these areas through establishing the connectivity of forest areas of high biodiversity value. Therefore, the efforts made towards managing fragmented areas as a continuous forest area resulted in the concept of biological corridor (BC). This research demonstrates the applicability of this management tool for the conservation of endemic birds of temperate forest ecosystems in southern Chile, which are defined as a "hotspot" for global biodiversity. Therefore, a biological corridor, mainly based on habitat selection, has been designed for the endemic birds of temperate forests in the mountains of Nahuelbuta. The corridor designed covers 10773.5 ha, which are mainly located in areas of medium-low slope, exposed to sunshine or half-shade and vegetation dominated by species of Nothofagus and Nothofagus with Araucaria. To clearly design a corridor through the use of variables applicable to forest planning allowed us to generate proposals for forest management activities that support the conservation of the fragile endemic fauna of these forests and the sustainable use of natural resources in these forest ecosystems that represent a "hotspot" of global biodiversity

Identifying Non-Sublattice Equivalence Classes Induced by an Attribute Reduction in FCA

The detection of redundant or irrelevant variables (attributes) in datasets becomes essential in different frameworks, such as in Formal Concept Analysis (FCA). However, removing such variables can have some impact on the concept lattice, which is closely related to the algebraic structure of the obtained quotient set and their classes. This paper studies the algebraic structure of the induced equivalence classes and characterizes those classes that are convex sublattices of the original concept lattice. Particular attention is given to the reductions removing FCA's unnecessary attributes. The obtained results will be useful to other complementary reduction techniques, such as the recently introduced procedure based on local congruences

Genetic Variability Assessment of a Diploid Pre-Breeding Asparagus Population Developed Using the Tetraploid Landrace ‘Morado de Huétor’

Different studies have reported a narrow genetic base for garden asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) due to its common origin, a diploid population (‘Purple Dutch’). The present study focused on the development of new diploid plant material that may be useful to widen the genetic base of the crop by using a tetraploid landrace ‘Morado de Huétor’ (A. officinalis × A. maritimus). With this purpose, a diploid pre-breeding population (n = 1000) carrying introgressions of ‘Morado de Huétor’ has been obtained. This new population derived from crosses under open pollination of a parental collection (n = 77) that was developed in a previous study. The parental collection derived from the first backcrossing using different diploid cultivated plants as a recurrent parent and ‘Morado de Huétor’ as a donor. The genetic diversity of the pre-breeding population was assessed using a set of EST-SSR markers (AG7, AG8, TC1, TC3, TC7, TC9) in a collection of plants (n = 57), which was randomly sampled in the pre-breeding population. The results were compared to previous data obtained from the parental collection, a set of current diploid asparagus cultivars and the landrace ‘Morado de Huétor’. The average of PICm (Polymorphic Information Content) values obtained in the pre-breeding population (0.75) resulted higher than the value obtained in the diploid cultivars (0.63) but lower than in ‘Morado de Huétor’ (0.83). Twenty-two alleles (52.4%) detected in the new diploid population were specific from ‘Morado de Huétor’. Principal Coordinate Analyses (PCoA) revealed that the new population had a genetic diversity distribution different from the current cultivars. This new population was also evaluated for different morpho-agronomic traits (earliness, stalk number, branching height and stalk thickness) for two years. Significant differences among plants (p < 0.001) were found for these five traits and, therefore, a genotype variation is suggested. As a result, 71 plants were selected to develop a breeding base population. The genetic variability of those selected plants was also analyzed and similar genetic variability to the pre-breeding population was obtained. The results obtained in this study show that this new population could be used to enlarge the genetic base of the current diploid asparagus cultivar

SOSTENIBILIDAD URBANA: ANÁLISIS A ESCALA BARRIAL EN LA CIUDAD DE TEMUCO, CHILE

Cities have grown in an excessive and disorganized way, losing the identity and functionality that characterized them at the beginning. In response to this decompensation of cities, sustainable urban design is born. This research evaluated the performance and level of sustainability of neighborhoods of Temuco City. The research was conducted in four sectors of the city, emblematic and representative of different stages of urban expansion. The development of the neighborhood and quality of life of its inhabitants were evaluated through a set of criteria of urban design indicators which include economic, social, and environmental variables. The results show that the neighborhood Abraham Lincoln has better indexes of sustainability, bringing together a group that encourages pedestrianization and availability of equipment of first necessity nearby. The research concludes that both new and old neighborhoods present shortcomings in neighborhood sustainability. Keywords: Sustainability, urban development, quality of life, territorial planning.Las ciudades han crecido de manera desmedida y desorganizada, perdiendo la identidad que al inicio las caracterizaba y su funcionalidad.  En respuesta a esta descompensación de las ciudades, nace el urbanismo sostenible. La presente investigación evalúa el funcionamiento y el nivel de sostenibilidad de los barrios de Temuco. La investigación se realizó en cuatro sectores de la ciudad, emblemáticos y representativos de distintas épocas de expansión urbana. En ellos se analizó el desarrollo del barrio y calidad de vida de sus habitantes a través de indicadores de criterios de diseño urbano que incluyen variables económicas, sociales y ambientales. Los resultados muestran al barrio Abraham Lincoln con los mejores índices de sostenibilidad, reuniendo aspectos que incentivan la peatonalización y la disponibilidad de equipamientos de primera necesidad cercanos. La investigación concluye que tanto barrios nuevos como antiguos presentan falencias en sostenibilidad barrial. Palabras clave: Sostenibilidad, desarrollo urbano, calidad de vida, planificación territorial.

Approaches to the Synthesis of 2,3-Dihaloanilines. Useful Precursors of 4-Functionalized-1H-indoles§

2,3-Dihaloanilines have been proved as useful starting materials for synthesizing 4-halo-1H-indoles. Subsequent or in situ functionalization of the prepared haloindoles allows the access to a wide variety of 2,4- or 2,3,4-regioselectively functionalized indoles in good overall yields. As no efficient synthetic routes to 2,3-dihaloanilines have been described in the literature, different approaches to the preparation of these 1,2,3-functionalized aromatic precursors are now presented. The most general one involves a Smiles rearrangement from the corresponding 2,3-dihalophenols and allows the preparation of 2,3-dihaloanilides in a straightforward and synthetically useful manner.Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion (MICINN) and FEDER (CTQ2010-15358) and Junta de Castilla y Leon (BU021A09 and GR-172) for financial support. V.G. thanks Ministerio de Educacion y Ciencia for a MEC-FPU predoctoral fellowship. P.G.-G. and M.A.F.-R. thank MICINN for "Juan de la Cierva" and "Ramon y Cajal" contracts.This document is the Accepted Manuscript version of a Published Work that appeared in final form in Journal of organic chemistry, copyright © American Chemical Society after peer review and technical editing by the publisher

QTL Analysis of Morpho-Agronomic Traits in Garden Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.)

In order to understand the genetic control of quantitative agronomic traits in garden asparagus, we performed a quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis. A population (n = 167) derived from a cross between a female and male plants was evaluated for morpho-agronomic traits over three years. Interval mapping (IM) and restricted multiple QTL mapping (rMQM) analysis was applied, and 18 QTLs were detected. QTLs were located in two linkage groups (LG): 5 in LG5 and 13 in LG6. The physical position of markers of both groups was mapped onto the reference genome through BLAST analysis. LG5 and LG6 match with chromosome 1 (sex-determining chromosome) and chromosome 5, respectively. Haplotypes of both chromosomes of the heterozygous parent and their progeny were obtained, and a bin map was developed. Bins were used to map the QTLs on the reference genome and to perform the association analysis with the morpho-agronomic traits. Two major and stable QTLs over the years (R2 > 10%) for number of stalk and earliness were mapped in the end of chromosome 1 into a bin that spans 3.25 Mb and includes the sex-determination locus. In chromosome 5, some QTLs were located in the center of chromosome for the year 2016. Branching is tightly regulated by both internal factors (such as plant hormones) and external factors (such as light conditions). QTLs for branching height and earliness were detected in a bin that spans 4.96 Mb. Functional annotation of genes within the two bins revealed candidate genes with potential roles in SA and light signaling and photomorphogenesis pathways that may be involved in branching and/or tillering. This is the first study providing the identification of genomic regions associated with yield-related morpho-agronomic traits in asparagus

Phosphorylation-mediated unfolding of a KH domain regulates KSRP localization via 14-3-3 binding

The AU-rich element (ARE)-mediated mRNA-degradation activity of the RNA binding K-homology splicing regulator protein (KSRP) is regulated by phosphorylation of a serine within its N-terminal KH domain (KH1). In the cell, phosphorylation promotes the interaction of KSRP and 14-3-3ζ protein and impairs the ability of KSRP to promote the degradation of its RNA targets. Here we examine the molecular details of this mechanism. We report that phosphorylation leads to the unfolding of the structurally atypical and unstable KH1, creating a site for 14-3-3ζ binding. Using this site, 14-3-3ζ discriminates between phosphorylated and unphosphorylated KH1, driving the nuclear localization of KSRP. 14-3-3ζ –KH1 interaction regulates the mRNA-decay activity of KSRP by sequestering the protein in a separate functional pool. This study demonstrates how an mRNA-degradation pathway is connected to extracellular signaling networks through the reversible unfolding of a protein domain.European Molecular Biology Organization 240-2005Italian CIPE-200

Highly photostable solid-state dye lasers based on silicon-modified organic matrices

11 pages, 13 figures, 4 tables.-- PACS: 42.55.Rz; 42.60.FcWe report on the synthesis, characterization, and physical properties of modified polymeric matrices incorporating silicon atoms in their structure and doped with laser dyes. When the silicon-modified organic matrices incorporated pyrromethene 567 (PM567) and pyrromethene 597 (PM597) dyes as actual solid solutions, highly photostable laser operation with reasonable, nonoptimized efficiencies was obtained under transversal pumping at 532 nm. At a pump repetition rate of 10 Hz, the intensity of the laser emission remained at the level or above the initial lasing intensity after 100 000 pump pulses in the same position of the sample, corresponding to an estimated accumulated pump energy absorbed by the system of 518 and 1295 GJ/mol for PM567 and PM597, respectively. When the pump repetition rate was increased to 30 Hz, the laser emission of dye PM567 decreased steadily and the output energy fell to one-half its initial value after an accumulated pump energy of 989 GJ/mol. Dye PM597 demonstrated a remarkable photostability, and under 30 Hz pumping the laser emission from some samples remained stable after 700 000 pump pulses in the same position of the sample, corresponding to an accumulated pump energy of 17 300 GJ/mol. Narrow linewidth operation with tuning ranges of up to 31 nm was obtained with both pyrromethene dyes when some of the samples were incorporated into a grazing-incidence grating oscillator.This work was supported by Project Nos. 7N/0100/02 of the Comunidad Autónoma de Madrid ( CAM) and MAT2004- 04643-C03-01 of the Spanish CICYT. One of the authors (O.G.) thanks the MEC for awarding her a Ramón y Cajal scientific contract. Another author (D.A.) thanks CAM for a predoctoral scholarship.Peer reviewe