Exercise training program based on minimum weekly frequencies: effects on blood pressure and physical fitness in elderly hypertensive patients

BACKGROUND: Exercise training (ET) can reduce blood pressure (BP) and prevent functional disability. However, the effects of low volumes of training have been poorly studied, especially in elderly hypertensive patients. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effects of a multi-component ET program (aerobic training, strength, flexibility, and balance) on BP, physical fitness, and functional ability of elderly hypertensive patients. METHODS: Thirty-six elderly hypertensive patients with optimal clinical treatment underwent a multi-component ET program: two 60-minute sessions a week for 12 weeks at a Basic Health Unit. RESULTS: Compared to pre-training values, systolic and diastolic BP were reduced by 3.6% and 1.2%, respectively (p<0.001), body mass index was reduced by 1.1% (p<0.001), and peripheral blood glucose was reduced by 2.5% (p=0.002). There were improvements in all physical fitness domains: muscle strength (chair-stand test and elbow flexor test; p<0.001), static balance test (unipedal stance test; p<0.029), aerobic capacity (stationary gait test; p<0.001), except for flexibility (sit and reach test). Moreover, there was a reduction in the time required to perform two functional ability tests: put on sock and sit down, stand up, and move around the house (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Lower volumes of ET improved BP, metabolic parameters, and physical fitness and reflected in the functional ability of elderly hypertensive patients. Trial Registration RBR-2xgjh3.CONTEXTUALIZAÇÃO: O treinamento físico (TF) é capaz de reduzir a pressão arterial (PA) e prevenir o declínio da capacidade funcional. Entretanto, pouco tem sido estudado sobre os efeitos de menores volumes de treinamento em idosos com hipertensão arterial (HA). OBJETIVOS: Investigar os efeitos de um programa de TF multicomponente (treinamento aeróbico, força, flexibilidade e equilíbrio) na PA, aptidão física e capacidade funcional de idosos com HA. MÉTODOS: Trinta e seis idosos com HA e tratamento clínico otimizado foram submetidos a um programa de exercícios físicos multicomponente, com duas sessões semanais de 60 minutos cada, durante 12 semanas, em uma Unidade Básica de Saúde (UBS). RESULTADOS: Comparados aos valores antes do TF, observou-se redução de 3,6% da PA sistólica (p<0,001), de 1,2% da PA diastólica (p<0,001), de 1,1% do índice de massa corporal (IMC) (p<0,001) e de 2,5% da glicemia periférica em jejum (p=0,002). Observou-se melhora em todos os domínios da aptidão física, como força muscular (testes de levantar da cadeira e flexão de cotovelos, p<0,001); equilíbrio estático (teste de apoio unipodal, p=0,029), capacidade aeróbica (teste de marcha estacionária, p<0,001), com exceção da flexibilidade (teste de sentar e alcançar). Além disso, houve redução no tempo utilizado para realização de dois testes de avaliação da capacidade funcional, o de calçar meias e o de sentar, levantar-se da cadeira e locomover-se pela casa (p<0,001). CONCLUSÕES: O TF com duas sessões semanais em idosos hipertensos repercutiu na melhora dos indicadores metabólicos, da aptidão física e da capacidade funcional e atuou como auxiliar no controle da PA. Registro de Ensaios Clínicos RBR-2xgjh3.Universidade de São Paulo School of Physical Education and SportUniversidade de Fortaleza Health Sciences CenterUSP Medical School Laboratory of Experimental HypertensionUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Department of BiosciencesUSP Medical School Departament of Internal MedicineUNIFESP, Department of BiosciencesSciEL

Effects of leucine supplementation and resistance exercise on dexamethasone-induced muscle atrophy and insulin resistance in rats

Objective: We aimed to evaluate the effects of resistance exercise (RE) and leucine (LEU) supplementation on dexamethasone (DEXA)-induced muscle atrophy and insulin resistance.Methods: Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into DEXA(DEX), DEXA + RE (DEX-RE), DEXA + LEU (DEX-LEU), and DEXA + RE + LEU (DEX-RE-LEU) groups. Each group received DEXA 5 mg . kg(-1) . d(-1) for 7 d from drinking water and were pair-fed to the DEX group; LEU-supplemented groups received 0.135 g . kg(-1) . d(-1) through gavage for 7 d; the RE protocol was based on three sessions of squat-type exercise composed by three sets of 10 repetitions at 70% of maximal voluntary strength capacity.Results: the plantaris mass was significantly greater in both trained groups compared with the non-trained groups. Muscle cross-sectional area and fiber areas did not differ between groups. Both trained groups displayed significant increases in the number of intermediated fibers (IIa/IIx), a decreased number of fast-twitch fibers (IIb), an increased ratio of the proteins phospho(Ser2448)/ total mammalian target of rapamycin and phospho(Thr389)/total 70-kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase. and a decreased ratio of phospho(Ser253)/total Forkhead box protein-3a. Plasma glucose was significantly increased in the DEX-LEU group compared with the DEX group and RE significantly decreased hyperglycemia. the DEX-LEU group displayed decreased glucose transporter-4 translocation compared with the DEX group and RE restored this response. LEU supplementation worsened insulin sensitivity and did not attenuate muscle wasting in rats treated with DEXA. Conversely, RE modulated glucose homeostasis and fiber type transition in the plantaris muscle.Conclusion: Resistance exercise but not LEU supplementation promoted fiber type transition and improved glucose homeostasis in DEXA-treated rats. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Univ São Paulo, Lab Appl Nutr & Metab, Sch Phys Educ & Sports, São Paulo, BrazilUniv São Paulo, Inst Biomed Sci, São Paulo, BrazilUniv São Paulo, Lab Mol & Cellular Physiol Exercise, Sch Phys Educ & Sports, São Paulo, BrazilUniv São Paulo, Sch Med, Lab Expt Hypertens, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Biosci, São Paulo, BrazilClermont Univ, UFR Med, UMR Nutr Humaine 1019, Clermont Ferrand, FranceINRA, UMR Unite Nutr Humaine 1019, F-63122 St Genes Champanelle, FranceUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Biosci, São Paulo, BrazilFAPESP: 08/51090-1FAPESP: 10/07062-3FAPESP: 10/10852-6FAPESP: 11/04690-6Web of Scienc

Comparison of the acute effects of traditional versus high velocity resistance training on metabolic, cardiovascular, and psychophysiological responses in elderly hypertensive women

Objectives: The aim of the present study was to compare the acute effects of traditional resistance training (RT) versus high velocity RT (HVRT) on metabolic, cardiovascular, and psychophysiological responses in elderly hypertensive women. Methods: Fifteen elderly women (mean age ± standard deviation, 67.1±6.9 years) classified as having hypertension stage 1 or 2 were randomly allocated to complete traditional RT or HVRT; 1 week later, subjects allocated to RT completed the HVRT session and vice-versa. Heart rate, blood pressure, affective response, perceived effort, and blood samples analyzing lactate, nitrate, nitrite, oxidative damage (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances [TBARS]), and 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8- tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) collected before and after training sessions were assessed. Nutritional counseling was provided regarding nutrients that could affect cardiovascular and nitrate/nitrite analysis. Results: Systolic blood pressure was not statistically different (p.0.05) between conditions at the beginning and during 30 minutes after sessions. Diastolic blood pressure, rate pressure product, and heart rate were not statistically different (p.0.05) between conditions at the begin- ning and during 45 minutes after sessions. Nitric oxide was significantly higher (p,0.0005) for HVRT compared to RT after 30 minutes of exercise. TBARS and TEAC were significantly higher (p,0.05) for HVRT compared with RT only immediately after exercise. There were no differences for psychophysiological variables between protocols. Conclusion: The acute cardiovascular and metabolic responses, including oxidative stress, are transient and within normal values. Taken together with the positive affective responses, both HVRT and RT with this intensity and volume seem to be safe for elderly hypertensive women under medication

Behavioral, Neurochemical and Histological Changes in the Use of Low Doses of Naltrexone and Donepezil in the Treatment in Experimental Model of Alzheimer’s Disease by Induction of β-Amyloid1-42 in Rats

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that promotes the involvement of memory-related functions, characterized by the presence of amyloid plaques formed by the β-amyloid peptide (Aβ), and hyperphosphorylated Tau protein neurofibrillary tangles. Evidence suggests that the use of low doses of Naltrexone, an opioid antagonist, possibly promotes a modulation of the immune system and consequent neuroprotective effect. The present study uses the animal model of induction with β-amyloid1-42 (Aβ1-42) to verify the behavioral, neurochemical and histological effects of the use of low doses of Naltrexone. Male wistar rats (250-300g) divided into five groups (N = 8) were used: Control, Sham, Aβ1-42 subdivided into three groups: treated with water, 05 mg Donepezil and 4.5 mg Naltrexone, orally during the 30-day period. Behavioral tests demonstrated the efficacy of induction to the experimental model with reduced memory of Aβ1-42-treated animals as well as reversal of damage in animals treated with Naltrexone. In the structural analysis, observed that the animals induced by Aβ1-42 treated with water alone presented alterations in the pyramidal forms of the hippocampal cells and that the animals treated with Naltrexone presented possibly a reversal of the neuronal damages. In conclusion, treatment with Naltrexone promoted a reversal in the memory impairment of rodents induced to the Alzheimer's model with Aβ1-42 in the behavioral and histological response

Resistance training-induced gains in muscle strength, body composition, and functional capacity are attenuated in elderly women with sarcopenic obesity

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of resistance training (RT) on body composition, muscle strength, and functional capacity in elderly women with and without sarcopenic obesity (SO). Methods: A total of 49 women (aged $60 years) were divided in two groups: without SO (non-SO, n=41) and with SO (n=8). Both groups performed a periodized RT program consisting of two weekly sessions for 16 weeks. All measures were assessed at baseline and postintervention, including anthropometry and body composition (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), muscle strength (one repetition maximum) for chest press and 45° leg press, and functional capacity (stand up, elbow flexion, timed “up and go”). Results: After the intervention, only the non-SO group presented significant reductions in percentage body fat (-2.2%; P=0.006), waist circumference (-2.7%; P=0.01), waist-to-hip ratio (-2.3; P=0.02), and neck circumference (-1.8%; P=0.03) as compared with baseline. Muscle strength in the chest press and biceps curl increased in non-SO only (12.9% and 11.3%, respectively), while 45° leg press strength increased in non-SO (50.3%) and SO (40.5%) as compared with baseline. Performance in the chair stand up and timed “up and go” improved in non-SO only (21.4% and -8.4%, respectively), whereas elbow flexion performance increased in non-SO (23.8%) and SO (21.4%). Effect sizes for motor tests were of higher magnitude in the non-SO group, and in general, considered “moderate” compared to “trivial” in the SO group. Conclusion: Results suggest that adaptations induced by 16 weeks of RT are attenuated in elderly woman with SO, compromising improvements in adiposity indices and gains in muscle strength and functional capacity

Sympathetic hyperactivity-induced heart failure: effects of endurance training and leucine suplementation in skeletal muscle

Alterações na musculatura esquelética (ME) como atrofia contribuem para intolerância aos esforços físicos e pior prognóstico na Insuficiência Cardíaca (IC). O treinamento físico é uma conduta capaz de atenuar esses efeitos na ME. Estratégias capazes de otimizar os efeitos do TF como a suplementação com aminoácidos são potencialmente terapêuticas. Assim, investigamos os efeitos da suplementação com leucina associada ou não ao treinamento físico aeróbico na função e morfologia da musculatura esquelética em camundongos com IC induzida por hiperatividade simpática. O TF consistiu de 4 semanas em esteira, com sessões de 60 min baseados na maxima fase estável de lactato (6 dias/sem) e administração de leucina (1.35g/kg) ou placebo (água destilada) via intra-gástrica. Os animais foram divididos em 5 grupos: controle sem IC (WT) e 4 grupos de camundongos knockout para receptores 2a e 2c adrenérgicos, divididos em sedentários recebendo placebo (KO) ou leucina (KOL); treinado+placebo (KOT) ou treinado+leucina (KOLT). Foram analisados tolerância ao esforço (teste máximo em esteira rolante), área de secção transversa (AST) por histoquímica para miosina ATPase, desempenho motor por teste de deambulação, grip e rotarod, expressão protéica por western blot. A suplementação com leucina isoladamente não demonstrou qualquer efeito na função muscular nem fenótipo das fibras. O TF melhorou à intolerância ao exercício, aumentou a área de secção transversa (AST) em fibras tipo I no músculo soleo e tipo IIA, IIB no músculo plantar, além de melhorar o desempenho motor. A suplementação com leucina associada ao TF otimizou a tolerância aos esforços, a AST nas fibras IIA e IIB e a função muscular. Em experimento à parte, após jejum de 18 horas, observamos que a resposta à leucina em estimular a via da mTOR estava atenuada nos animais KO, mas o TF restaurou essa resposta (diminuiu a razão p-AMPK:AMPK, e aumentou p-4EBP1: 4EBP1 e p-p70s6K:p70s6K). Essa reversão da resistência anabólica à leucina pelo TF não estava associada aos efeitos relacionados à homeostase de glicose, nem função renal, embora o TF tenha melhorado (reduziu proteinúria). Não houve efeitos deletérios da leucina nos parâmetros relacionados à homeostase de glicose, nem aos parâmetros renais. Os resultados sugerem que a suplementação com leucina potencializa os efeitos do treinamento físico aerobico por melhorar a tolerância ao exercício, preservar a massa em fibras de características predominantemente glicolíticas e prevenir queda no desempenho motor. O TF previniu a resistência anabólica à leucina no músculo esquelético dos animais com ICChanges in skeletal muscle such as atrophy contribute to intolerance to physical exertion and worse prognosis in heart failure (HF). The exercise training (ET) will mitigate these effects in ME. Strategies to optimize and/ or mimic the effects of ET as the amino acid supplements are potentially therapeutic. Thus, we investigated the effects of leucine supplementation associated with ET on function and morphology of skeletal muscle in a genetic model of sympathetic hyperactivity-induced heart failure in mice, and whether these effects were associated with activation of mTOR pathway. Treatment consisted of 4-wk of ET on a motor treadmill, wich consisted in sessions of 60 min based on maximum lactate steady state (6d/wk), and administration of leucine (1.35g/kg) or placebo (distilled water) intragastrically. We established five groups: a control without heart failure (WT) and four groups of mice lacking both 2A and 2C adrenergic receptor subtypes, which were randomly divided into sedentary receiving placebo (KO) or Leucine (KOLT); trained receiving placebo (KOT) or trained receiving leucine (KOLT). It was analyzed exercise capacity by graded treadmill exercise protocol performed until exhaustion, cross-sectional area (CSA) by histochemical myosin ATPase, motor performance by ambulation, grip e rotarod tests, protein expression levels by western blot. The leucine supplementation alone showed no effect on muscle function or the phenotype of the fibers, but associated to ET improved CSA in IIA and IIB fibers in plantaris muscle, and motor performance, at a rate greater than improve in KOT. In separate experiments, after 18 hours fasting, we observed that the response to leucine stimulate mTOR pathway was attenuated in KO, but the ET restored this response (decreased the ratio p-AMPK, AMPK, and increased p-4EBP1 : p-p70S6K and 4EBP1, p70S6K). This reversal of anabolic resistance to leucine by ET was not associated with the effects related to glucose homeostasis or renal function, although the ET has improved (reduced proteinuria). There were no deleterious effects of leucine on the parameters related to glucose homeostasis or renal parameters. The results suggest that leucine supplementation enhances the effects of exercise training to improve exercise tolerance, preserve mass of fibers with characteristics predominantly glycolytic and prevent worsening of motor performance. The ET prevents an anabolic resistance to leucine in muscle of HF animal

Maintenance of exercise training benefits is associated with adequate milk and dairy products intake in elderly hypertensive subjects following detraining

<div><p>ABSTRACT Objective To investigate whether maintenance of exercise training benefits is associated with adequate milk and dairy products intake in hypertensive elderly subjects after detraining. Methods Twenty-eight elderly hypertensive patients with optimal clinical treatment underwent 16 weeks of multicomponent exercise training program followed by 6 weeks of detraining, and were classified according to milk and dairy products intake as low milk (<3 servings) and high milk (≥3 servings) groups. Results After exercise training, there was a significant reduction (p<0.001) in body weight, systolic, diastolic and mean blood pressure, an increase in lower and upper limb strength (chair-stand test and elbow flexor test) as well as in aerobic capacity (stationary gait test) and functional capacity (sit down, stand up, and move around the house) in both groups. However, in the Low Milk Intake Group significant changes were observed: body weight (+0.5%), systolic, diastolic and mean blood pressure (+0.9%,+1.4% and +1.1%, respectively), lower extremity strength (-7.0%), aerobic capacity (-3.9%) and functional capacity (+5.4) after detraining. These parameters showed no significant differences between post-detraining and post-training period in High Milk Intake Group. Conclusion Maintenance of exercise training benefits related to pressure levels, lower extremity strength and aerobic capacity, is associated with adequate milk and dairy products intake in hypertensive elderly subjects following 6 weeks of detraining.</p></div

Oxidative stress, inflammatory, psychological markers and severity of respiratory infections are negatively affected during the pre-contest period in amateur bodybuilders

We examined whether off-season (OffS) and pre-contest (PreC) periods affect blood oxidative stress, inflammation, immunological and psychological markers in twenty bodybuilders. The athletes completed food intake (3-d record), physical activities, mood states (POMS), recovery-stress (RESTQ-sport), Wisconsin Upper Respiratory Symptom Survey (WURSS-21), and blood were obtained for biochemistry analyses. Almost all athletes were in a positive energy balance during the OffS, while bodybuilders presented markedly restricted energy intake (~45%) leading to a loss of weight (-9%) and fat mass (-45%), with a corresponding preservation of fat free mass in PreC. Protein intake was high during both periods, while lipid and carbohydrate intake were reduced ~50% in PreC. Almost all athletes consumed 100% of the RDA for micronutrients in OffS and 45% and 75% of the athletes had intakes bellow the RDA for vitamin A and E in PreC. Oxidative damage to lipids (TBARS), protein carbonyl, TBARS/ total antioxidant capacity ratio increased in PreC (32%, 27%, 60%), accompanied by an increase in plasma TNF-α (4x), and WURSS-21 scores (25%). There were no significant changes in serum antioxidant catalase, glutathione reductase and superoxide dismutase, nor in IL-1β and immunoglobulin’s. In PreC, POMS showed positive changes in vigor (-20%), and negative effects on fatigue (23%), as well as total mood disturbance (35%) and alterations in RESTQ-sport for general and sport stress (34 and 50%, respectively) and sport recovery (-23%). Thus, PreC negatively affects nutrient intake, which may exacerbate oxidative stress, inflammation and psychological status, as well as the severity of respiratory infections in bodybuilders.The accepted manuscript in pdf format is listed with the files at the bottom of this page. The presentation of the authors' names and (or) special characters in the title of the manuscript may differ slightly between what is listed on this page and what is listed in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript; that in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript is what was submitted by the author