PARTICIPAÇÃO ELEITORAL NA VENEZUELA CONTEMPORÂNEA: UMA [BREVE] PROBLEMATIZAÇÃO À TEORIA INSTITUCIONALISTA DA ESCOLHA RACIONAL

Resumo Através de um estudo de caso – o processo político em curso na Venezuela - o artigo tem como objetivo problematizar as bases conceituais da teoria institucionalista da escolha racional, em especial o que concerne às suas assertivas sobre o fenômeno da participação eleitoral. A partir desse exercício teórico, o texto procura compreender os motivos da considerável variação na abstenção eleitoral para, em seguida, argumentar que não é prudente dissociar o “componente político” das análises sobre a participação eleitoral na Venezuela contemporânea. Palavras-chave Abstenção Eleitoral ;Teoria da Escolha Racional; Venezuela

POLÍTICA EXTERNA BOLIVARIANA: A INSERÇÃO INTERNACIONAL DA VENEZUELA AO LONGO DOS DOIS PRIMEIROS MANDATOS DE HUGO CHÁVEZ FRÍAS (1999-2007)

The article investigates, in three stages, the Venezuelan foreign policy exercised between 1999 and 2007. Initially, efforts were made to strengthen OPEC. Yet, between 2001 and 2003, the internal political crisis had a negative impact on the international insertion sought by the Venezuelans. Finally, between 2004 and 2007, the initial proactive approach was taken based on “diplomacy of oil.”O artigo investiga, em três etapas, a política externa venezuelana exercida entre 1999 e 2006. Inicialmente, aportaram-se esforços para o fortalecimento da OPEP. Já entre 2001 e 2003, a crise política interna repercutiu negativamente na inserção internacional almejada pelos venezuelanos. Por fim, entre 2004 e 2006, a postura proativa inicial foi retomada com base na “diplomacia do petróleo”.   

Da audácia ao pragmatismo: política externa bolivariana e o Mercado Internacional de Petróleo (2007-2012)

The article relates the particularities of the international oil market with the potentialitiesand limitations of the foreign policy projected and exercised by Venezuela during the thirdpresidential term of Hugo Chávez (2007-2012). It seeks, therefore, to present and problematizethe specificities of Venezuelan oil revenue and, in particular, its implications for its foreignpolicy. The analysis addresses the “pendulum effects” that the petrodollars caused in theinternational action taken by the Caribbean country: in the first two years of the period, thehistoric high of the commodity allowed Venezuelans to consolidate innovative and ambitiousRegional Integration actions, which culminated in an increase in the presence and politicalweight of the country, especially in Central America and the Caribbean. However, in theensuing period, the pronounced devaluation of the fuel balanced the “oil diplomacy” infavor of a more pragmatic approach to oil commercialization. In this context, the limits andpossibilities of the Sino-Venezuelan approach, as well as the commercial interdependenceestablished between Venezuela and United States of America, are studied. The conclusion isthat, despite its disruptive purpose, the foreign policy actions undertaken by the Bolivarianswere limited to the sometimes expressive, sometimes insufficient, resources obtained fromoil trade.O artigo relaciona as particularidades do mercado internacional de petróleo com aspotencialidades e limitações da política externa projetada e exercida pela Venezuela ao longodo terceiro mandato presidencial cumprido por Hugo Chávez Frías (2007-2012). Busca-se,pois, apresentar e problematizar as especificidades do rentismo petroleiro venezuelano e, emespecial, suas implicações para sua política externa. A análise trata dos “efeitos pendulares”que os petrodólares causaram na inserção internacional do país caribenho: no primeiro biêniodo período estudado, a alta histórica da commodity possibilitou aos venezuelanos consolidarações inovadoras e ambiciosas de integração regional, as quais culminaram no aumento dapresença e do peso político do país, em especial na América Central e Caribe. Contudo, noperíodo subsequente, a pronunciada desvalorização do combustível causou o arrefecimentoda “diplomacia do petróleo” em favor de uma postura mais pragmática no que concerniu àsua comercialização. Nesse contexto, analisam-se os limites e possibilidades da aproximaçãosino-venezuelana, bem como a interdependência comercial estabelecida entre Venezuelae Estados Unidos da América. Conclui-se que, em que pese seu propósito disruptivo, asações de política externa empreendidas pelos bolivarianos estiveram condicionadas aos oraexpressivos, ora insuficientes, recursos obtidos com a venda de petróleo

Transformar o gigante num pigmeu: as desventuras do projeto neoliberal na Venezuela (1989-1998)

The article provides an overview of the major political events that marked the Venezuelan society during the 1990s. The analysis rests on the governments of Carlos Andrés Pérez (1989-1993) and Rafael Caldera (1993-1998) in which efforts were made to link the country to the neoliberal model of development. The circumstances that led to the complete failure of the economic adjustment programs implemented by both governments – “La grande viraje” e “Agenda Venezuela”, respectively – influenced decisively in the fulminant rise of the “bolivarian political project” on the national elections in late 1998.O artigo faz um apanhado dos principais acontecimentos políticos que marcaram a sociedade venezuelana durante a década de 1990. Analisa-se, pois, os governos Carlos Andrés Pérez (1989-1993) e Rafael Caldera (1993-1998) os quais, cada um ao seu modo, empreenderam esforços para vincular o país ao modelo neoliberal de desenvolvimento. As circunstâncias que levaram ao completo fracasso dos programas de ajuste econômico implementados por ambos os governos – “A grande virada” e “Agenda Venezuela”, respectivamente – influenciaram decisivamente na fulminante e vitoriosa ascensão do projeto político bolivariano durante as eleições nacionais ocorridas no final de 1998

PARTICIPAÇÃO ELEITORAL NA VENEZUELA CONTEMPORÂNEA: UMA [BREVE] PROBLEMATIZAÇÃO À TEORIA INSTITUCIONALISTA DA ESCOLHA RACIONAL

Resumo Através de um estudo de caso – o processo político em curso na Venezuela - o artigo tem como objetivo problematizar as bases conceituais da teoria institucionalista da escolha racional, em especial o que concerne às suas assertivas sobre o fenômeno da participação eleitoral. A partir desse exercício teórico, o texto procura compreender os motivos da considerável variação na abstenção eleitoral para, em seguida, argumentar que não é prudente dissociar o “componente político” das análises sobre a participação eleitoral na Venezuela contemporânea. Palavras-chave Abstenção Eleitoral ;Teoria da Escolha Racional; Venezuela

Colégio de Aplicação, 1982

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Determinants of attack players in high-level men’s volleyball

This study aims at analysing probabilistic relationships predicting the outcomes relating to attack players in elite-level men’s volleyball. Nineteen matches from the 2006 Men’s World Championships were notated and the tactical indicators regarded the space-, task-, player- and efficacy-related dimensions of selected game actions (reception, set and attack) played in side-out. A multinomial logistic regression was applied, with the level of significance determined at .05. Results showed that the most relevant cues for predicting the selected attack player were related with aspects of setting (setting zone, setter position, setter type), positioning of the middle player and reception player. Overall, the selection of the attack player is highly predictable and can be anticipated through analysing a number of visual cues previous to the attack. Knowing such patterns will enhance the rate of success of the defending teams, while the attacking teams should try to create strategies of using each set of game constraints in different manners, thus diminishing the possibilities of the opponents to anticipate their actions

Controlled-release fertilizer increases growth, chlorophyll content and overall quality of loquat seedlings

Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl. (Rosaceae), commonly known as the loquat tree, is widely cultivated due to production of edible fruits, which can be consumed fresh or processed into different food products. Enhancement of loquat seedlings quality is an important issue for more efficient propagation protocols, including rootstock production. The objective with the present study was to assess the effects of increasing doses of controlled-release fertilizer on loquat seedlings growth, quality and chlorophyll content. Seeds were sowed in containers filled with commercial substrate previously treated with different doses of controlled-release fertilizer (N, P, K, Mg, S and micronutrients): 0.0 (control), 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 kg per cubic meter of substrate (kg m-³). Seedlings were evaluated 182 days after sowing and the data were submitted to polynomial regression analyses. Increasing doses of the fertilizer promoted increasing linear behavior on seedlings height, root collar diameter, leaf area, roots and shoots dry mass and Dickson quality index. Chlorophylls a, b and total chlorophylls increased up to the dose of 7.5 kg m-³, followed by a decrease at the dose of 10 kg m-³. The dose of 10 kg m-³ promoted the highest values of Dickson quality index and growing variables on loquat seedlings.Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl. (Rosaceae), commonly known as the loquat tree, is widely cultivated due to production of edible fruits, which can be consumed fresh or processed into different food products. Enhancement of loquat seedlings quality is an important issue for more efficient propagation protocols, including rootstock production. The objective with the present study was to assess the effects of increasing doses of controlled-release fertilizer on loquat seedlings growth, quality and chlorophyll content. Seeds were sowed in containers filled with commercial substrate previously treated with different doses of controlled-release fertilizer (N, P, K, Mg, S and micronutrients): 0.0 (control), 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 kg per cubic meter of substrate (kg m-³). Seedlings were evaluated 182 days after sowing and the data were submitted to polynomial regression analyses. Increasing doses of the fertilizer promoted increasing linear behavior on seedlings height, root collar diameter, leaf area, roots and shoots dry mass and Dickson quality index. Chlorophylls a, b and total chlorophylls increased up to the dose of 7.5 kg m-³, followed by a decrease at the dose of 10 kg m-³. The dose of 10 kg m-³ promoted the highest values of Dickson quality index and growing variables on loquat seedlings