Estratégia de difusão da nanotecnologia: Ensino interdisciplinar aos professores do ensino fundamental

The objective of the research was to disseminate nanotechnology concepts, applications, and benefits among educators from different Costa Rican provinces to increase their acceptance and dissemination of the subject to elementary students. Teachers from different areas of the country were called to participate.  Five training workshops were held in Turrialba, Cahuita, Alajuela, Buenos Aires, and Nicoya covering fundamental nanotechnology concepts and applications, as well as the contributions offered from an educational point of view. The workshops were held in person two full days including talks, practical activities, and discussions. In addition, educational materials were prepared, such as a poster and an information brochure, and two educational videos on nanotechnology. A total of 98 teachers, 87% men and 13% women, from different provinces were trained. Workshop evaluations were positive in terms of the knowledge acquired with an average of 57.30%, compared to 5.10% before starting the training. This project contributed to strengthen teachers’ knowledge about nanotechnology and its applications. In addition, national and international nanotechnology research projects were made known. The above will help teachers disseminate new knowledge to the student population, thus becoming knowledge multipliers.El objetivo de la investigación fue socializar los conceptos, aplicaciones y beneficios de la nanotecnología entre personal educador de las diferentes provincias de Costa Rica, para incrementar su aceptación y difusión del tema a los niños y niñas de educación primaria. Se realizó una convocatoria para seleccionar a sujetos educadores de distintas zonas del país. Se impartieron 5 talleres de capacitación en las siguientes localidades: Turrialba, Cahuita, Alajuela, Buenos Aires y Nicoya. En estos se abordaron temas fundamentales de la nanotecnología y sus aplicaciones, así como los aportes que se pueden ofrecer desde el punto de vista educativo. Los talleres se impartieron de manera presencial durante dos días completos, con exposición de charlas, actividades prácticas y discusiones. Además, se preparó material didáctico, como un afiche y un folleto informativo, y dos videos educativos alusivos a la nanotecnología. Se logró capacitar a 98 sujetos educadores, 87 % hombres y 13 % mujeres, de distintas provincias del país. Los resultados de las evaluaciones de los talleres fueron buenos, en términos del conocimiento adquirido con un promedio de calificación de un 57,30 %, comparado con un 5,10 % alcanzado antes de iniciar la capacitación. Este proyecto, contribuyó a fortalecer el conocimiento de los educadores sobre la nanotecnología y sus aplicaciones; además, se dieron a conocer proyectos de investigación nacionales e internacionales relativos a la nanotecnología. Lo anterior permitirá que los educadores sean capaces de transmitir los nuevos conocimientos a la población estudiantil, y se conviertan en multiplicadores del conocimiento.Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo socializar os conceitos, aplicações e benefícios da nanotecnologia entre os educadores dos diferentes municípios da Costa Rica, para aumentar a aceitação e difusão do tema nos estudantes do ensino fundamental. Foi realizada uma convocatória para escolher sujeitos educadores de distintas zonas do país. Foram ministradas 5 oficinas de capacitação nas seguintes localidades: Turrialba, Cahuita, Alajuela, Buenos Aires e Nicoya. Foram abordados temas fundamentais da nanotecnologia e suas aplicações, assim como as contribuições que podem ser dadas desde o ponto de vista educativo. Essas oficinas foram ministradas presencialmente durante dois dias completos, com exposição de palestras, atividades práticas e discussões. Além disso, foi preparado material didático, como um cartaz e um folheto informativo, e dois vídeos educativos alusivos à nanotecnologia. Foi possível capacitar 98 sujeitos educadores, 87 % homens e 13 % mulheres, de distintos municípios do país. Os resultados das avaliações das oficinas foram bons, em termos do conhecimento adquirido com uma média de nota de 57,30 %, comparado aos 5,10 % alcançados antes de iniciar a capacitação. Este projeto contribuiu para a consolidação do conhecimento dos educadores sobre a nanotecnologia e suas aplicações; além disso, divulgaram projetos de pesquisas nacionais e internacionais relativos à nanotecnologia. Isso permitirá que os educadores sejam capazes de transmitir os novos conhecimentos à população estudantil e de se transformar em multiplicadores do conhecimento

Design and Evaluation of a Personalized Cancer Treatment System using Human-Computer Interaction Techniques

This paper presents a case study where Human-Computer Interaction techniques were applied in the design and evaluation of a health system. The system consisted of a software platform that supports personalized cancer chemotherapy based on a tumor chemosensitivity assay. The essential background on personalized cancer treatment is provided. The system was designed using “contextual design,” a usercentered technique that involves contextual inquiry, interpretation, work modeling, consolidation, visioning, storyboarding and paper prototyping. The most salient products from the design phase and details of the system implementation are shown. The system was assessed using the Heuristic Evaluation method, which is a usability inspection performed by experts. Results from this evaluation indicate that only one of ten heuristics was missing from the system, while five were partially covered and four were fully covered.Universidad de Costa Rica/[]/UCR/Costa RicaUCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ingeniería::Centro de Investigaciones en Tecnologías de Información y Comunicación (CITIC

Subcutaneous anti-COVID-19 hyperimmune immunoglobulin for prevention of disease in asymptomatic individuals with SARS-CoV-2 infection: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised clinical trialResearch in context

Summary: Background: Anti-COVID-19 hyperimmune immunoglobulin (hIG) can provide standardized and controlled antibody content. Data from controlled clinical trials using hIG for the prevention or treatment of COVID-19 outpatients have not been reported. We assessed the safety and efficacy of subcutaneous anti-COVID-19 hyperimmune immunoglobulin 20% (C19-IG20%) compared to placebo in preventing development of symptomatic COVID-19 in asymptomatic individuals with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: We did a multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, in asymptomatic unvaccinated adults (≥18 years of age) with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection within 5 days between April 28 and December 27, 2021. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1:1) to receive a blinded subcutaneous infusion of 10 mL with 1 g or 2 g of C19-IG20%, or an equivalent volume of saline as placebo. The primary endpoint was the proportion of participants who remained asymptomatic through day 14 after infusion. Secondary endpoints included the proportion of individuals who required oxygen supplementation, any medically attended visit, hospitalisation, or ICU, and viral load reduction and viral clearance in nasopharyngeal swabs. Safety was assessed as the proportion of patients with adverse events. The trial was terminated early due to a lack of potential benefit in the target population in a planned interim analysis conducted in December 2021. ClinicalTrials.gov registry: NCT04847141. Findings: 461 individuals (mean age 39.6 years [SD 12.8]) were randomized and received the intervention within a mean of 3.1 (SD 1.27) days from a positive SARS-CoV-2 test. In the prespecified modified intention-to-treat analysis that included only participants who received a subcutaneous infusion, the primary outcome occurred in 59.9% (91/152) of participants receiving 1 g C19-IG20%, 64.7% (99/153) receiving 2 g, and 63.5% (99/156) receiving placebo (difference in proportions 1 g C19-IG20% vs. placebo, −3.6%; 95% CI -14.6% to 7.3%, p = 0.53; 2 g C19-IG20% vs placebo, 1.1%; −9.6% to 11.9%, p = 0.85). None of the secondary clinical efficacy endpoints or virological endpoints were significantly different between study groups. Adverse event rate was similar between groups, and no severe or life-threatening adverse events related to investigational product infusion were reported. Interpretation: Our findings suggested that administration of subcutaneous human hyperimmune immunoglobulin C19-IG20% to asymptomatic individuals with SARS-CoV-2 infection was safe but did not prevent development of symptomatic COVID-19. Funding: Grifols

Safety of hospital discharge before return of bowel function after elective colorectal surgery

Background: Ileus is common after colorectal surgery and is associated with an increased risk of postoperative complications. Identifying features of normal bowel recovery and the appropriateness for hospital discharge is challenging. This study explored the safety of hospital discharge before the return of bowel function.Methods: A prospective, multicentre cohort study was undertaken across an international collaborative network. Adult patients undergoing elective colorectal resection between January and April 2018 were included. The main outcome of interest was readmission to hospital within 30 days of surgery. The impact of discharge timing according to the return of bowel function was explored using multivariable regression analysis. Other outcomes were postoperative complications within 30 days of surgery, measured using the Clavien-Dindo classification system.Results: A total of 3288 patients were included in the analysis, of whom 301 (9.2 per cent) were discharged before the return of bowel function. The median duration of hospital stay for patients discharged before and after return of bowel function was 5 (i.q.r. 4-7) and 7 (6-8) days respectively (P < 0.001). There were no significant differences in rates of readmission between these groups (6.6 versus 8.0 per cent; P = 0.499), and this remained the case after multivariable adjustment for baseline differences (odds ratio 0.90, 95 per cent c.i. 0.55 to 1.46; P = 0.659). Rates of postoperative complications were also similar in those discharged before versus after return of bowel function (minor: 34.7 versus 39.5 per cent; major 3.3 versus 3.4 per cent; P = 0.110).Conclusion: Discharge before return of bowel function after elective colorectal surgery appears to be safe in appropriately selected patients

Timing of nasogastric tube insertion and the risk of postoperative pneumonia: an international, prospective cohort study

Aim: Aspiration is a common cause of pneumonia in patients with postoperative ileus. Insertion of a nasogastric tube (NGT) is often performed, but this can be distressing. The aim of this study was to determine whether the timing of NGT insertion after surgery (before versus after vomiting) was associated with reduced rates of pneumonia in patients undergoing elective colorectal surgery. Method: This was a preplanned secondary analysis of a multicentre, prospective cohort study. Patients undergoing elective colorectal surgery between January 2018 and April 2018 were eligible. Those receiving a NGT were divided into three groups, based on the timing of the insertion: routine NGT (inserted at the time of surgery), prophylactic NGT (inserted after surgery but before vomiting) and reactive NGT (inserted after surgery and after vomiting). The primary outcome was the development of pneumonia within 30 days of surgery, which was compared between the prophylactic and reactive NGT groups using multivariable regression analysis. Results: A total of 4715 patients were included in the analysis and 1536 (32.6%) received a NGT. These were classified as routine in 926 (60.3%), reactive in 461 (30.0%) and prophylactic in 149 (9.7%). Two hundred patients (4.2%) developed pneumonia (no NGT 2.7%; routine NGT 5.2%; reactive NGT 10.6%; prophylactic NGT 11.4%). After adjustment for confounding factors, no significant difference in pneumonia rates was detected between the prophylactic and reactive NGT groups (odds ratio 1.03, 95% CI 0.56–1.87, P = 0.932). Conclusion: In patients who required the insertion of a NGT after surgery, prophylactic insertion was not associated with fewer cases of pneumonia within 30 days of surgery compared with reactive insertion

Safety of hospital discharge before return of bowel function after elective colorectal surgery

© 2020 BJS Society Ltd Published by John Wiley & Sons LtdBackground: Ileus is common after colorectal surgery and is associated with an increased risk of postoperative complications. Identifying features of normal bowel recovery and the appropriateness for hospital discharge is challenging. This study explored the safety of hospital discharge before the return of bowel function. Methods: A prospective, multicentre cohort study was undertaken across an international collaborative network. Adult patients undergoing elective colorectal resection between January and April 2018 were included. The main outcome of interest was readmission to hospital within 30 days of surgery. The impact of discharge timing according to the return of bowel function was explored using multivariable regression analysis. Other outcomes were postoperative complications within 30 days of surgery, measured using the Clavien–Dindo classification system. Results: A total of 3288 patients were included in the analysis, of whom 301 (9·2 per cent) were discharged before the return of bowel function. The median duration of hospital stay for patients discharged before and after return of bowel function was 5 (i.q.r. 4–7) and 7 (6–8) days respectively (P < 0·001). There were no significant differences in rates of readmission between these groups (6·6 versus 8·0 per cent; P = 0·499), and this remained the case after multivariable adjustment for baseline differences (odds ratio 0·90, 95 per cent c.i. 0·55 to 1·46; P = 0·659). Rates of postoperative complications were also similar in those discharged before versus after return of bowel function (minor: 34·7 versus 39·5 per cent; major 3·3 versus 3·4 per cent; P = 0·110). Conclusion: Discharge before return of bowel function after elective colorectal surgery appears to be safe in appropriately selected patients