The status of military specifications with regard to atmospheric turbulence

The features of atmospheric disturbances that are significant to aircraft flying qualities are discussed. Next follows a survey of proposed models. Lastly, there is a discussion of the content and application of the model contained in the current flying qualities specification and the forthcoming MIL-Standard

Spatial variations of the 3 micron emission features within nebulae

The 3 micron spectra is presented for the Orion bar region and the Red Rectangle. In both objects spectra were obtained at more than one location, corresponding to different distances from the excitation source. The well known 3.3 and 3.4 micron emission bands are seen in both objects as well as the recently discovered features at 3.46, 3.51, and 3.57 microns in the Orion bar spectra. The spectra show that the relative strengths of the 3 micron emission features vary within the Orion bar. As distance from the exciting star increases, the 3.4 and 3.51 micron features increase, and the 3.46 micron feature decreases in strength, relative to the strong 3.3 micron feature. These are two possible interpretations which are postulated, each of which involves the breaking of bonds by UV radiation, which removes the modes responsible for the 3.4 micron emission near the star. The two possible bond ruptures are the CH bond in small polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), or the bond to an aliphatic subgroup. It has to be pointed out that neither interpretation appears entirely satisfactory. The vibrational overtone interpretation cannot explain the presence or behavior of the 3.46 micron feature, whereas the laboratory spectra of aliphatic sidegroups contain many more features in the 3 micron region than are observed in the astronomical sources

Behavioural Programming of Self Locating Urban Interventions

The paper aims to show an automated methodology for the appropriate redistribution of usable space within urban morphological envelopes. The methodology has been incrementally developed over four years and has been implemented through annual student projects. The influence for the project was taken from the natural environment, which possesses evolutionary patterns that have a base code and inherent programmes (scripts). Natural patterns are generative, the constituents recyclable; artificial landscape patterns fail to evolve, they are deserted rather than recycled. They become patterns in the dust. Inhabited landscape needs a means of starting from simplicity and building into the most complex of systems that are capable of re-permutation over time. The base blocks within this programme are termed sprites: They constitute a small package of spatial information derived from a measured analysis of existing morphologies. This spatial information consisting of that indivisible formulation that generates the overall envelope of the building through its multiplication relative to the particular circumstances. In some cases this ‘minimum formulation’ is based on the singular human space necessary to carry out a specific task related to that use e.g. administration, in other cases it relates to a constructional format, e.g. production, or the size of a machine e.g. transportation. These sprites are then imbued with interrelated behavioural ‘accretive’ programmes associated with the parameters that tend to generate their envelope forms termed here ‘Megalope Patterns’. Behavioural programmes are interrelated, acting together to create a particular form at a particular location in the existing city. This paper thence describes the current development of the project’s methodologies in terms of a shift from use of the computer as a tool for data manipulation to embracing the computer as a design partner. The generative application of the software used in the project (Archi-CAD) is manipulated through its programming language (GDL) in order to create dynamic, self-locating ‘intelligent’ scripts which are programmable, in terms of their characteristics, by the students

Artificial Patterned Landscapes and Reciprocal Learning

ABSTRACT The paper explains the organisational framework for creating three-dimensional patterns representing artificial urban landscapes as a design aid for architectural students to analyse, interpret, visualise and manipulate the complexities of the urban environment. The educational module is initially both a CAAD and an urban design teaching tool, and becomes, through these, a visualisation and realisation model and finally a design aid and platform for the manipulation of the urban landscape. The organisational framework to construct the representative three dimensional artifice utilises 14 different layers of interconnected, three dimensional patterns as an information base. The classification systems of the framework are intended as an educational tool for analysis, discussion and consequent comprehension of the real as it is formed into a representative artifice within the computer. The inherent facilities of the CAAD software programme (in this case Archi-CAD) are utilised with an adapted logic, specifically the software’s ability to create three dimensional library parts and place these items in various layers of the framework allowing variable permutable displays of the pattern items and consequently their interfaces. This categorised framework is a three-dimensional representative artifice enabling the ‘pregnant’ potential(s) of what the city can become to be anticipated as ‘nth potential’ scenarios or ‘mightlyhoods’ (1). These are applied to the artifice through the formulation of manifesto aims, producing innumerable potential future scenarios for the city, which can be reciprocally assessed through the inherent visual permutability of the layers within the software

Autonomous Spatial Redistribution for Cities

The paper investigates an automated methodology for the appropriate redistribution of usable space in distressed areas of inner cities. Through categorising activity space and making these spaces morphologically mobile in relation to the topography within a representative artificial space achieve this. The educational module has been influenced by theories from the natural environment, which possesses patterns that have inherent evolutionary programmes in which the constituents are recyclable; Information is strategically related to the environment to produce forms of growth and behaviour. Artificial landscape patterns fail to evolve, the inhabited landscape needs a means of starting from simplicity and building into the most complex of systems that are capable of re-permutation over time. This paper describes the latest methodological development in terms of a shift from the use of the computer as a tool for data manipulation to embracing the computer as a design partner. The use of GDL and VRML in particular are investigated as facilitator’s for such generation within a global, vector environment. Keywords; Animated, Urban, Programme, Education. Visual Database

Infrared images of reflection nebulae and Orion's bar: Fluorescent molecular hydrogen and the 3.3 micron feature

Images were obtained of the (fluorescent) molecular hydrogen 1-0 S(1) line, and of the 3.3 micron emission feature, in Orion's Bar and three reflection nebulae. The emission from these species appears to come from the same spatial locations in all sources observed. This suggests that the 3.3 micron feature is excited by the same energetic UV-photons which cause the molecular hydrogen to fluoresce

The turn to the market in UK food policy 2002-2015 and its impact on the vegetable sector in England

The aim of this study is to understand how ideas about markets and marketing have shaped food policy. It focuses on the vegetable sector in England in the early years of the new millennium. The study takes the 2002 Report of the Policy Commission on the Future of Farming and Food (Curry Commission) as its starting point. It explores how the Curry Commission’s ‘Turn to the Market’ call was interpreted and acted upon by vegetable production in England, and by UK Government (in practice English) Food Policy 2002-2015. It attempts to understand why and how policy makers turned to the market, what they meant by it, and how it changed how those involved in vegetable production thought about and responded to the marketing challenges they faced. The study centres on theoretical understandings of how food policy develops, and draws in marketing theories to contribute to that policy analysis. The study used qualitative methods - a combination of documentary analysis and fieldwork interviews with practitioners, policy-makers and analysts. Two research questions were formulated from the literature review: (1) how have ideas about markets and marketing shaped UK Food Policy since the Curry Commission?; and (2) what impact did the Curry Commission - and the policy that followed - have on English vegetable production? An analysis was conducted of policy documents of the period 2002 – 2015. Interviews were held with 23 key informants who were experts on and/or actors in English policy and vegetable production. The research adopted a realist and critical pluralist approach to food policy development. The research explored: how particular ideas of markets and marketing shaped wider UK Food Policy 2002-2015; how the marketing themes in UK Food Policy evolved; how UK Food Policy understood and framed the priorities for the vegetable sector which then opened up particular solutions and foreclosed others; and how the marketing ideas in UK Food Policy 2002-2015 affected how those involved in English vegetable production understood and responded to the marketing challenges they encountered. The findings show that UK Food Policy evolved from a proactive ‘Turn to the Market’ Food Policy under New Labour to a reactive 'Market Dominated' Food Policy under the Coalition government (2010-15). Policy framed the problems for the vegetable sector as a failure to market and devised policy mechanisms to support better marketing using ideas from orthodox marketing. The policy based on better marketing did halt the decline in the vegetable sector and helped it engage in more environmentally benign production practices. Growers still found it challenging to generate sufficient profit to reinvest and they felt that support for better marketing did not always work in practice. The thesis concludes that the marketing concepts do enrich food policy understanding. A markets-as-networks (MAN) analysis is proposed to provide a better way of understanding the marketing problems in the context of buyer dominated vegetable supply networks, where interaction is an important feature of supply relations and where exchange is embedded in on-going relationships. The research discussion considers the extent to which markets-as-networks (MAN) ideas offer a better framework for policy goals to increase the production of vegetables in England as part of a sustainable model for agriculture. Relationship marketing, from orthodox marketing, displays some features in common with the MAN tradition. By proposing this common ground between orthodox and heterodox marketing, the thesis offers directions for a revitalised market-oriented understanding of UK Food Policy and its development. Key words: UK Food Policy, vegetable production, markets, marketing, heterodox marketing, markets-as-networks, Englan