Estudo das condições de saúde das crianças do Município de São Paulo, SP, (Brasil), 1984-1985: II- Antropometria nutricional

As part of a large epidemiological study focusing on child health in the City of S.Paulo (Brazil) a representative sample of under fives (n = 1013) was evaluated anthropometrically with a view to appraising their nutritional status. Prevalence of malnutrition in S.Paulo by Gomez criteria was estimated to be of 25.9%. Moderate malnutrition reached 2.9% and prevalence of severe forms was nill. In contrast to the dramatic fall experienced in infant and child mortality, no evidence of malnutrition amelioration was noticed when results were compared with those obtained by another study performed ten years before. Age distribution of malnutrition shows that children under one year are fairly well-protected and that incidence is concentrated in the second year of life. These are considered relevant facts which ought to be borne in mind both in research into the determinants of malnutrition and in the formulation of programs for its control. Besides conforming the unquestionable socieconomic determination of malnutrition, analyses of different population strata identified about 400,000 children as being the potential target group for the prevention and control of malnutrition in the city.Como parte de amplo estudo epidemiológico sobre condições de saúde na infância, avaliou-se através de exame antropométrico o estado nutricional de urna amostra representativa das crianças menores de cinco anos residentes no Município de São Paulo, SP, Brasil (n = 1.013). Utilizando os critérios diagnósticos da classificação de Gomez, a prevalência da desnutrição no Município foi estimada em 25,9%, sendo de 2,9% a prevalência de formas moderadas e nula a de formas severas. Através da comparação com estudo realizado há cerca de 10 anos, não se evidencia atenuação nos índices de desnutrição no Município, o que contrasta com a pronunciada queda observada nos coeficientes de mortalidade infantil e pré-escolar. A distribuição etária da desnutrição denota clara proteção do primeiro ano e concentração de casos na faixa etária subseqüente, fatos importantes que devem ser levados em conta tanto na investigação dos determinantes da desnutrição quanto na formulação de programas de controle. A distribuição do estado nutricional pelos diferentes estratos populacionais, além de confirmar a inconteste determinação sócio-econômica da desnutrição, evidencia que, no Município de São Paulo, a clientela potencial para os programas de prevenção e controle da desnutrição somaria pelo menos 400.000 crianças

A study of children's health in S.Paulo city (Brazil), 1984-1985: I - Methodological aspects, socioeconomic characteristics and physical environment

A survey was carried out in S.Paulo city (Brazil), between April 1984 and June 1985, with the aim of verifying the health status of children under five years of age. A probabilistic sample of 1,016 children was studied by means of household interviews and clinical examinations focusing on socioeconomic, housing and sanitation aspects, food intake, nutritional status, morbidity and maternal and child care. Aspects of the survey's methodology are highlighted and emphasis is given to the sampling process and data collection. The analysis demonstrates that the results which emerged from the sample are truly representative. Socioeconomic and environmental characteristics of the sample are also described and indicate the existence of increased risk for infant and child health in S.Paulo city: nearly two thirds of children belong to low income families and more than half live in houses without watersupply or sewage facilities. Furthermore, around 20% are living in slums and shanty towns and more than one third share just one room with the whole family.No período 1984/85 realizou-se pesquisa epidemiológica objetivando identificar condições de saúde das crianças de 0 a 59 meses residentes no Município de São Paulo, SP, Brasil. Foi estudada uma amostra probabilística das referidas crianças (n= 1016), em seus domicílios, através de inquéritos que enfocaram características sócio-econômicas, ambiente físico, condições de alimentação, estado nutricional, morbidade e assistência materno-infantil. Foram abordados aspectos metodológicos da pesquisa com destaque para a análise das etapas referentes à amostragem e ao sistema de coleta de dados, concluindo-se pela adequada representatividade dos resultados obtidos no estudo. São descritas as características sócio-econômicas e ambientais da população estudada, as quais evidenciam considerável risco para a saúde infantil: cerca de dois terços das crianças pertencem a famílias com renda insuficiente para adquirir bens e serviços essenciais; mais da metade das crianças vivem em domicílios que não contam com rede de água e esgoto; cerca de 20% das crianças residem em favelas ou cortiços da cidade; e mais de um terço das crianças habitam domicílios de um só cômodo

Estudo das condições de saúde das crianças do Município de São Paulo, SP (Brasil), 1984-1985: III. Aleitamento materno

A survey of 1,016 children under five years old, randomly sampled was carried out in S.Paulo city, Brazil, with a view to studying the epidemiology of health conditions. In this survey the prevalence and duration of breast feedind were particularly observed. Although the majority of infants start breast feeding (92.8%), less than a half are still nursed at 4 months, 18.8% at 12 and 10.7% at 24 months. The median duration of breast feeding for S.Paulo city was estimated at 109.25 days. As far as exclusive breast feeding is concerned, the median duration decrease to 62.85 days. When the sample was stratified according to socioeconomic status, the breast feeding rates (total or exclusive, as medians) are higher on the highest socioeconomic level, an unusual situation in developing countries. The comparison of data of the 1984/85 survey with those of 1973/74 and 1981 shows an evident trend to return to the practice of breast feeding in S.Paulo. This trend is similar to that found in developed countries during the 70's, specially for the highest socioeconomic status, documented for other great urban conglomerates of the Third World. Although the trend can be considered incipient, because many infants are still weaned early, it shows there is no reason to accept as irreversible the trend towards artificial feeding in urban societies of the Third World.Como parte de amplo estudo epidemiológico sobre condições de saúde na infância, investigou-se a freqüência e duração do alietamento materno em amostra representativa de crianças menores de cinco anos residentes no Município de São Paulo, SP (Brasil) (n = 1.016). Apesar de a grande maioria das crianças iniciar a amamentação (92,8%), menos da metade chega amamentada aos quatro meses de idade, alcançando os 12 e os 24 meses, respectivamente, 18,8% e 10,7% das crianças. A duração mediana da amamentação no Município de São Paulo foi estimada em 109,25 dias. Para o aleitamento materno exclusivo, a duranção mediana estimada foi ainda menor: 62,55 dias. A estratificação da amostra revelou que a duração mediana tanto da amamentação quanto do aleitamento exclusivo alcançou valores superiores nos estratos de maior nível sócio-econômico, contrariando, portanto, a situação usualmente encontrada em países em desenvolvimento. A comparação dos dados obtidos em 1984/85, com dados obtidos em 1973/74 e em 1981, revela a ocorrência em São Paulo de um movimento recente de retorno à prática da amamentação. Tal movimento, ainda não documentado em nenhum outro grande conglomerado urbano do Terceiro Mundo, assemelha-se ao movimento observado na década de 70 em vários países desenvolvidos, inclusive no que se refere à sua maior intensidade nos estratos de maior nível sócio-econômico. Embora os resultados do referido movimento possam ser considerados modestos, pois uma expressiva proporção de crianças ainda é desmamada precocemente, eles mostram que não há razão para se aceitar como inevitável ou como irreversível a tendência de queda da prática da amamentação nas sociedades urbanas do Terceiro Mundo

Estudo das condições de saúde das crianças do Município de São Paulo, SP (Brasil), 1984-1985: IV - Doença diarréica

As a part of a broad epidemiological survey of health conditions in children, the magnitude and distribution of diarroeal disease in S.Paulo city were evaluated. Data were obtained through clinical examination and household interview in a probabilistic sample of 1016 children under five years of age. The sample as a whole showed an incidence of 7.6 episodes of diarrhoea per 100 child-months and 2.0 hospitalizations per 100 child-years. The highest frequency of episodes occurs between two and three years of age, whilst those hospitalizations of diarrhoeal origin occur mostly during the first two years of life. Both episodes and hospitalizations were more frequent in lower socioeconomic strata. Relating these results with those obtained ten years before by another similar study, a 60% reduction in diarrhoea frequency was observed, as well as a displacent of the peak of maximum incidence towards a later age. These phenomena coincide with the considerable increase of water supply coverage now existing within the city. Significant reduction of both hospitalizations and mortality due to diarrhoeal disease were apparently detected as a consequence of diminished incidence of the disease in the population. However, the high frequency of diarrohoea and the high overall number of hospitalizations from this cause still existent in the city demonstrate the need for additional improvements in sanitation and reinforcement of such programs as the promotion of breast-feeding.Como parte de amplo estudo epidemiológico sobre condições de saúde na infância, avaliou-se a magnitude e a distribuição da doença diarréica no Município de São Paulo, SP, Brasil. Os resultados foram obtidos a partir de exame clínico e inquérito recordatório de uma amostra probabilística de 1.016 crianças menores de cinco anos. Para o conjunto da amostra, apurou-se incidência de 7,6 episódios de diarréia por 100 crianças-mês e 2,0 internações por 100 crianças-ano. A freqüência máxima de episódios situou-se entre dois e três anos de idade e a freqüência máxima de internações nos 2 primeiros anos de vida. Ambos, episódios e internações, foram mais freqüentes nos estratos de menor nível sócio-econômico. Com relação a estudo realizado no Município há cerca de dez anos, pôde-se registrar redução de aproximadamente 60% na freqüência da diarréia e deslocamento do pico de incidência máxima para idades maiores. Estes dois fenômenos coincidem com expressivo aumento da cobertura do abastecimento de água no município. Aparentemente como resultado da diminuição na freqüência da diarréia, detectaram-se sensíveis reduções tanto nas internações hospitalares quanto na mortalidade por aquela doença. A freqüência ainda alta de diarréia no Município, sobretudo a elevada incidência de internações hospitalares nos primeiros meses de vida, assinala a necessidade de melhorias adicionais no saneamento ambiental e de esforços em outros setores como o da promoção do aleitamento materno

Sobrevivendo ao início da carreira docente e permanecendo nela. Como? Por quê? O que dizem alguns estudos

The essay aims to highlight the fecundity of the Michel de Certeau works to the studies and researches in Education, his, very well know, contribution to the study of the school quotidian in the perspective of the line of research "Qualification of Teachers and Teacher’s Work". At least three scenes of this trajectory personal/professional of Certeau, called the attention, in a close reading, in his work: the first, the inversion of perspective which proposes and turns it possible to see the differences and to note the micro resistances that are the bases of micro freedoms and move borders of domination; the second, his conceptual rigor and his exigent and lucid critic which have as roots, his reflection about history, his philosophical qualification and his interest in epistemology; the third, his compromises in narrating "common practices", "the art of doing" of the practicers, the auspicious and clandestine operations. In this picture, was possible to talk about practices, creations and art at school, bringing the fecundity of his works and the influence of his thoughts in the process of Orientation of Master Dissertations.El ensayo busca poner en evidencia la fecundidad de la obra de Michel de Certeau para los estudios e investigación en Educación, su ya reconocida contribución para el estudio del cotidiano escolar, bajo la perspectiva de la línea de pesquisa "Formación de profesores y trabajo docente". Por lo menos tres escenarios de la trayectoria personal/profesional de Certeau, prendieron la atención en la lectura atenta de su obra: la primera, la inversión de perspectiva que propone y que le posibilita ver diferencias y percibir las micro-resistencias que fundan micro libertades y desplaza fronteras de dominación; la segunda, su rigor conceptual y su crítica exigente y lúcida que tiene como fuentes, su reflexión sobre la historia, su formación filosófica o su interés por la epistemología; tercera, su compromiso en narrar "prácticas corrientes", las "artes del hacer" de los practicantes, las operaciones astuciosas y clandestinas. A partir de ese escenario, fue posible hablar de prácticas, creaciones y artes en la escuela, llevando la fecundidad de su obra, la influencia de su pensamiento, durante el proceso de orientación de Disertaciones de Maestría.Este artigo foi elaborado com base na análise dos resultados de algumas dissertações e teses desenvolvidas em um mesmo Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação que discutem a temática do "professor iniciante" em escolas públicas de anos iniciais do ensino fundamental.1 Outro traço de união entre os estudos é o fato de terem como participantes professoras que ingressavam na carreira logo após terem concluído a formação inicial (curso de Pedagogia, na maior parte deles) constituindo, assim, a passagem de estudantes a professoras. Há, ainda, em comum o fato de as participantes dos estudos terem permanecido na carreira docente, passado o período considerado pela literatura da área como de início de carreira.2 O artigo evidencia elementos que ressaltam da análise de tais estudos, a respeito das causas do mal-estar que caracteriza esse difícil momento da carreira ao qual há que "sobreviver". Pretende ainda, destacar aspectos que contribuem para o sentimento de "descoberta", graças ao qual as professoras permanecem na carreira, apesar das agruras de seu início

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

Aim: Amazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types. Location: Amazonia. Taxon: Angiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots). Methods: Data for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran\u27s eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny. Results: In the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R$^{2}$ = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R$^{2}$ = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types. Main Conclusion: Numerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

AimAmazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types.LocationAmazonia.TaxonAngiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots).MethodsData for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran's eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny.ResultsIn the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R2 = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R2 = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types.Main ConclusionNumerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions

Geographic patterns of tree dispersal modes in Amazonia and their ecological correlates

Aim: To investigate the geographic patterns and ecological correlates in the geographic distribution of the most common tree dispersal modes in Amazonia (endozoochory, synzoochory, anemochory and hydrochory). We examined if the proportional abundance of these dispersal modes could be explained by the availability of dispersal agents (disperser-availability hypothesis) and/or the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits (resource-availability hypothesis). Time period: Tree-inventory plots established between 1934 and 2019. Major taxa studied: Trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 9.55 cm. Location: Amazonia, here defined as the lowland rain forests of the Amazon River basin and the Guiana Shield. Methods: We assigned dispersal modes to a total of 5433 species and morphospecies within 1877 tree-inventory plots across terra-firme, seasonally flooded, and permanently flooded forests. We investigated geographic patterns in the proportional abundance of dispersal modes. We performed an abundance-weighted mean pairwise distance (MPD) test and fit generalized linear models (GLMs) to explain the geographic distribution of dispersal modes. Results: Anemochory was significantly, positively associated with mean annual wind speed, and hydrochory was significantly higher in flooded forests. Dispersal modes did not consistently show significant associations with the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits. A lower dissimilarity in dispersal modes, resulting from a higher dominance of endozoochory, occurred in terra-firme forests (excluding podzols) compared to flooded forests. Main conclusions: The disperser-availability hypothesis was well supported for abiotic dispersal modes (anemochory and hydrochory). The availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits seems an unlikely explanation for the distribution of dispersal modes in Amazonia. The association between frugivores and the proportional abundance of zoochory requires further research, as tree recruitment not only depends on dispersal vectors but also on conditions that favour or limit seedling recruitment across forest types