Duchenne de boulogne: Electrodiagnosis of poliomyelitis

Duchenne de Boulogne was among the first to investigate neuromuscular diseases. He stimulated muscle and nerve with moistened surface electrodes, thereby avoiding tissue necrosis. Technique and self-designed equipment are discussed in his first major work de I'electrisation localisee . During his 30 years of practice, he examined several hundred patients with poliomyelitis. With electrodiagnostic evaluation, he focused on “electrocontractility,” the intensity of muscle contraction elicited by electrical stimulation. Based on his electrophysiologic findings, Duchenne suggested that the responsible lesion resided within the spinal cord. He used electrical stimulation for treatment and recognized prognostic features.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/50146/1/880130111_ftp.pd

Prototheca zopfii genotype 2 disseminated infection in a dog with neurological signs

Prototheca zopfii is an alga that can cause disease in animals and humans. Here, we reported a case of systemic protothecosis in a 2-year-old female Boxer. The animal exhibited tetraparesis and vertical nystagmus. It died two weeks after the onset of clinical signs and was necropsied. At gross examination, whitish areas were identified in the heart. Oval or round structures were observed by microscopic examination, some of which formed morula-like structures compatible with algae in the heart, skeletal muscle, and brain. Growth of Prototheca sp. was observed in the heart after culture at 37°C on Sabouraud agar medium with chloramphenicol. Immunohistochemical analysis of the heart and brain using an anti-Prototheca zopfii polyclonal antibody yielded positive results. Genotyping of the cultured agent from brain and heart samples was performed by restriction fragment length polymorphism of a specific 18S rDNA fragment. P. zopfii genotype 2 was reported to be the cause of disseminated protothecosis in this dog with manifestation in the brain, heart, and skeletal muscle

Reelin Mobilizes a VAMP7-Dependent Synaptic Vesicle Pool and Selectively Augments Spontaneous Neurotransmission

SummaryReelin is a glycoprotein that is critical for proper layering of neocortex during development as well as dynamic regulation of glutamatergic postsynaptic signaling in mature synapses. Here, we show that Reelin also acts presynaptically, resulting in robust rapid enhancement of spontaneous neurotransmitter release without affecting properties of evoked neurotransmission. This effect of Reelin requires a modest but significant increase in presynaptic Ca2+ initiated via ApoER2 signaling. The specificity of Reelin action on spontaneous neurotransmitter release is encoded at the level of vesicular SNARE machinery as it requires VAMP7 and SNAP-25 but not synaptobrevin2, VAMP4, or vti1a. These results uncover a presynaptic regulatory pathway that utilizes the heterogeneity of synaptic vesicle-associated SNAREs and selectively augments action potential-independent neurotransmission

O fenômeno do bullying homofóbico nas instituições de ensino: o direito à igualdade sexual e o princípio da dignidade da pessoa humana

O presente artigo propõe compreender o fenômeno do bullying homofóbico, com o intuito de verificar qual o respaldo desta problemática no direito à igualdade sexual e no princípio da dignidade da pessoa humana. Para tanto, estudou-se as características gerais do fenômeno do bullying homofóbico, trazendo conceituação, especificidades e pressupostos dessa violência social que é um dos temas mais polêmicos da atualidade. Abordou-se, por derradeiro, uma análise sobre um dos Direitos Sexuais, entendidos como Direitos Humanos fundamentais e universais – o direito à igualdade sexual e um dos fundamentos basilares da Constituição Federal do Brasil, a dignidade da pessoa humana. Assim, buscou-se demonstrar as consequências que a prática do bullying homofóbico traz à humanidade, enfatizando para a importância da conscientização desta problemática no desenvolvimento saudável do ser humano, com a liberdade das discriminações, independentemente de qualquer diferença, sexo, gênero, orientação sexual, geracional, etnia-racial, classe social, religião, deficiências, entre outras (Was, 2014). Procurou-se, para as referidas análises, utilizar-se do mais recente material bibliográfico. Por fim, destaca-se que o fenômeno do bullying homofóbico necessita ser compreendido, senão acabar-se-á legitimando sua prática e, consequentemente, esquecerse- á de proteger à condição humana

Evaluation of the Steam Explosion Pretreatment Upon the Anaerobic Digestion of Water Hyacinth Biomass: Influence on Liquid and Solid Fractions

Biochemical methane potential tests were performed to evaluate the effects of steam explosion on the liquid and solid substrates of thermal hydrolysis pretreatment applied to water hyacinth biomass. The operational conditions of the thermal hydrolysis applied the combination of two temperatures (170 and 210 ºC) and two cooking times (5 and 30 min). The higher solubilization factor was 22.9% for the sample pretreated at 210 ºC and 30 min followed by steam explosion effect (TH + SE). Steam explosion, temperature and time were, in order of importance, the more effective operational conditions for the biomass solubilization. The sample 210 ºC - 5 min TH + SE presented the higher methane production increase, in relation to the raw substrate, resulting in a increment factor of 2.43, for the solid sample. The higher methane production increase for the liquid sample was on a factor of 1.67, for sample 210 ºC - 30 min TH + SE. The higher biomethanization increase considering both biomass factors (solid + liquid) was obtained for the pretreatment 170 ºC - 30 min TH + SE. A combined model confirmed the hydrolysis limitation for the solid samples biodegradation; however, it was not clear for the prediction on the liquid samples. Micrographs evidenced the morphological changes of the solid substrate with the solubilization increase. Particle size reduction was the most effective effect of the pretreatment on the substrate morphology. Porosity increment was observed only in the surface of the sample 210 ºC - 30 min TH + SE