Ten years-snapshot of the occurrence of emerging contaminants in drinking, surface and ground waters and wastewaters from São Paulo state, Brazil

Emerging contaminants have been considered one of the main concerns for ensuring the quality of water around the world. This work presents the results of 10 years of analyses carried out in the state of São Paulo (Brazil) that has the high population density and intense agricultural and industrial activities. In this work 58 compounds (9 hormones, 14 pharmaceuticals and personal care products, 8 industrial compounds, 17 pesticides and 10 illicit drugs) were determined from 2006 to 2015 in 708 samples including raw and treated sewage, surface and ground and drinking waters. A preliminary risk assessment for aquatic life protection identified potential risks for caffeine, paracetamol, diclofenac, 17α-ethynylestradiol, 17β-estradiol, estriol, estrone, testosterone, triclosan, 4-n-nonylphenol, bisphenol A, atrazine, azoxystrobin, carbendazim, fipronil, imidacloprid, malathion and tebuconazole. Drinking water criteria were available only for 22 compounds and for them no adverse effects were expected at the concentrations found, except for 17β-estradiol

One Planet: One Health. A Call to Support the Initiative on a Global Science-Policy Body on Chemicals and Waste

The chemical pollution crisis severely threatens human and environmental health globally. To tackle this challenge the establishment of an overarching international science–policy body has recently been suggested. We strongly support this initiative based on the awareness that humanity has already likely left the safe operating space within planetary boundaries for novel entities including chemical pollution. Immediate action is essential and needs to be informed by sound scientific knowledge and data compiled and critically evaluated by an overarching science–policy interface body. Major challenges for such a body are (i) to foster global knowledge production on exposure, impacts and governance going beyond data-rich regions (e.g., Europe and North America), (ii) to cover the entirety of hazardous chemicals, mixtures and wastes, (iii) to follow a one-health perspective considering the risks posed by chemicals and waste on ecosystem and human health, and (iv) to strive for solution-oriented assessments based on systems thinking. Based on multiple evidence on urgent action on a global scale, we call scientists and practitioners to mobilize their scientific networks and to intensify science–policy interaction with national governments to support the negotiations on the establishment of an intergovernmental body based on scientific knowledge explaining the anticipated benefit for human and environmental health

CONTAMINANTES EMERGENTES EM MATRIZES AQUÁTICAS DO BRASIL: CENÁRIO ATUAL E ASPECTOS ANALÍTICOS, ECOTOXICOLÓGICOS E REGULATÓRIOS

Emerging contaminants occur in parts per trillion or less in aquatic matrices. The effects related to the exposure of aquatic biota and human to them have been identified for different compounds. The knowledge about the concentrations of the exposure is the first step to perform risk assessments. The present work describes a literature review about occurrence in Brazilian aquatic matrices, and a discussion about biological effects, legislation and analytical aspects involving the presence of emerging compounds. The review includes 58 papers published between 1997 and 2016, considering the occurrence of personal care and pharmaceutical compounds, illicit drugs, hormones, pesticides and some other endocrine disruptors compounds in the matrices sewage, surface, ground and drinking waters. The concentrations varied from ng L-1 to µg L-1, depending on the region and the compound. However, the contamination scenario was aggravated by the combination of poor sanitation status - such as low investment in sewage treatment plants, which led to an expressive contamination of the receiving waters with sewage - and the current goods consumption level, which is similar to that of developed countries. These data provide a good insight into the particular levels of contamination and can be used both for further researches and decision making in the regulation area of public policy

EMERGING CONTAMINANTS IN AQUATIC MATRICES FROM BRAZIL: CURRENT SCENARIO AND ANALYTICAL, ECOTOXICOLOGICAL AND LEGISLATIONAL ASPECTS

<p></p><p>Emerging contaminants occur in parts per trillion or less in aquatic matrices. The effects related to the exposure of aquatic biota and human to them have been identified for different compounds. The knowledge about the concentrations of the exposure is the first step to perform risk assessments. The present work describes a literature review about occurrence in Brazilian aquatic matrices, and a discussion about biological effects, legislation and analytical aspects involving the presence of emerging compounds. The review includes 58 papers published between 1997 and 2016, considering the occurrence of personal care and pharmaceutical compounds, illicit drugs, hormones, pesticides and some other endocrine disruptors compounds in the matrices sewage, surface, ground and drinking waters. The concentrations varied from ng L-1 to µg L-1, depending on the region and the compound. However, the contamination scenario was aggravated by the combination of poor sanitation status - such as low investment in sewage treatment plants, which led to an expressive contamination of the receiving waters with sewage - and the current goods consumption level, which is similar to that of developed countries. These data provide a good insight into the particular levels of contamination and can be used both for further researches and decision making in the regulation area of public policy.</p><p></p

Occurrence and potential risk of triclosan in freshwaters of São Paulo, Brazil: the need for regulatory actions

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Triclosan (TCS) is a broad-spectrum bactericide, highly toxic to algae, which is released into the environment via wastewater effluents. Predicted no-effect concentrations (PNECs) for aquatic biota have been proposed in the literature, varying from 1.4 to 1,550 ng/L, reflecting contradicting protection goals. In this work, six rivers in the state of So Paulo were monitored for TCS and caffeine, a tracer for untreated sewage disposal, over a period of more than 1 year. From 71 samples analyzed, 32 contained TCS at concentrations above the limit of quantification, ranging from 2.2 to 66 ng/L, corresponding to a frequency of exceedance of the lowest PNEC of 86 % (six out of seven sites). No correlation between TCS and caffeine was observed, and one of the reasons for that could be the different use patterns in the local populations. Given the high values found in the investigated rivers, TCS seems to be a strong candidate in the priority list of compounds that should be regulated in Brazil to preserve the aquatic environment.Triclosan (TCS) is a broad-spectrum bactericide, highly toxic to algae, which is released into the environment via wastewater effluents. Predicted no-effect concentrations (PNECs) for aquatic biota have been proposed in the literature, varying from 1.4 to21318501858FAPESP - FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULOCNPQ - CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICOFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)FAPESP [2012/00303-0]CNPq [573894/2008-6]FAPESP [2008/57808-1]2012/00303-0 ; 2008/57808-1573894/2008-6The authors acknowledge FAPESP (2012/00303-0) and INCTAA (CNPq 573894/2008-6, FAPESP 2008/57808-1) for research funding and thank Martin Kraus for discussion of an earlier version of the manuscript

Hydrocarbon data of the cold-water sponge Halichondria panicea exposure experiment to crude oil and dipsersant contaminated seawater

In this study, two exposure experiments were conducted to determine the potential impacts of an oil spill and the use of dispersant on sponge model Halichondria panicea. First sponge samples were exposed for 48h to (1) water accommodated oil fraction (WAF), (2) chemically enhanced water accommodated oil fraction (CEWAF), (3) dispersant contaminated seawater, (4) Benzo-A-Pyrene in seawater and (5) DMSO in seawater. Clearance rate for each sponge samples was measured before (time point 1), during (time point 2) and after (time point 3) the exposure. Sponge tissue samples were also collected to conduct a transcriptomic analysis of sponge gene expression response. Second a new set of sponge samples were exposed for 48h to WAF and CEWAF solutions produced with increasing oil loadings. Clearance rate was measured in each samples at the end of the exposure and tissue samples were collected to determine the gene expression levels of three genes of interest (by qPCR)

Results of Halichondria panicea exposure experiment to crude oil and dipsersant contaminated seawater

In this study, two exposure experiments were conducted to determine the potential impacts of an oil spill and the use of dispersant on sponge model Halichondria panicea. First sponge samples were exposed for 48h to (1) water accommodated oil fraction (WAF), (2) chemically enhanced water accommodated oil fraction (CEWAF), (3) dispersant contaminated seawater, (4) Benzo-A-Pyrene in seawater and (5) DMSO in seawater. Clearance rate for each sponge samples was measured before (time point 1), during (time point 2) and after (time point 3) the exposure. Sponge tissue samples were also collected to conduct a transcriptomic analysis of sponge gene expression response. Second a new set of sponge samples were exposed for 48h to WAF and CEWAF solutions produced with increasing oil loadings. Clearance rate was measured in each samples at the end of the exposure and tissue samples were collected to determine the gene expression levels of three genes of interest (by qPCR)