Kinetic Monte Carlo simulations inspired by epitaxial graphene growth

Graphene, a flat monolayer of carbon atoms packed tightly into a two dimensional hexagonal lattice, has unusual electronic properties which have many promising nanoelectronic applications. Recent Low Energy Electron Microscopy (LEEM) experiments show that the step edge velocity of epitaxially grown 2D graphene islands on Ru(0001) varies with the fifth power of the supersaturation of carbon adatoms. This suggests that graphene islands grow by the addition of clusters of five atoms rather than by the usual mechanism of single adatom attachment. We have carried out Kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) simulations in order to further investigate the general scenario of epitaxial growth by the attachment of mobile clusters of atoms. We did not seek to directly replicate the Gr/Ru(0001) system but instead considered a model involving mobile tetramers of atoms on a square lattice. Our results show that the energy barrier for tetramer break up and the number of tetramers that must collide in order to nucleate an immobile island are the important parameters for determining whether, as in the Gr/Ru(0001) system, the adatom density at the onset of island nucleation is an increasing function of temperature. A relatively large energy barrier for adatom attachment to islands is required in order for our model to produce an equilibrium adatom density that is a large fraction of the nucleation density. A large energy barrier for tetramer attachment to islands is also needed for the island density to dramatically decrease with increasing temperature. We show that islands grow with a velocity that varies with the fourth power of the supersaturation of adatoms when tetramer attachment is the dominant process for island growth

The rissaga of 15 June 2006 in Ciutadella (Menorca), a meteorological tsunami

An extraordinary "rissaga" event (the local name for high-amplitude sea level oscillations) with 4–5 m of amplitude occurred on 15 June 2006 at Ciutadella (Menorca, Spain). In this paper we describe the rissaga event and propose that the meteorological mechanism responsible for it was an unusual pressure jump, associated with a convective squall line

Utilización de soja integral en la ración de acabado del ternero tradicional de raza rubia gallega: I. Efecto sobre la calidad de la carne

Se utilizaron 16 terneros rubios gallegos para estudiar el efecto del aca- bado con pienso, que contiene soja integral sobre el peso y las característi- cas de la canal y de la carne del ternero tradicional producido en un siste- ma de pastoreo. Se controlo el peso vivo, el peso al sacrificio, el peso canal, la conformación y el estado de engrasamiento de la canal y en la carne a 24 horas postmorten, el pH, el color L* (luminosidad) a* (índice de rojo) y b* (índice de amarillo) (CIE 1978), la composición química por espectroscopia NIRS, las pérdidas de agua por cocción, la textura midiendo la fuerza máxi- ma de corte, resistencia al corte y trabajo total y el contenido en pigmentos hemínicos. Los resultados se analizaron mediante ANOVA con el programa SPSS 8.0. No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre tratamientos en ninguno de los parámetros estudiados de peso vivo y características de la canal y de la carne. Se concluye que la sustitución de la soja desengrasada por soja integral en la ración de acabado no afecta al crecimiento y a las características de la canal y de la carne del ternero tradicional Gallego

Revisión del género Venustoraphidia Aspöck & Aspöck, 1968 de la Península Ibérica (Insecta, Raphidioptera)

To date, this genus was represented by only two species from Europe: Venustoraphidia nigricollis (Albarda, 1891), known from Central and Eastern Europe, and its vicariant Venustoraphidia renate (Aspöck & Aspöck, 1974), known from the Peloponnese. The genus is new to the Iberian Peninsula fauna, where it is represented by a third and new vicariant species of V. nigricollis on the other side of the Mediterranean: Venustoraphidia conviventibus n. sp. We record all the bibliographical references related to Venustoraphidia genus, and known data on the external morphology, genitalia, biology, juvenile stages, phaenology and distribution of the two previously known species. A key for the identification of the aforementioned species, including the new species present in the Iberian Peninsula is provided. Finally, a brief bio-geographical analysis is performed on the distribution of these three species based on paleo-climatic elements and the presumptive bi-directional isolation to the east/west of central European elements, leaving isolated populations in the Peloponnese Peninsula, on the other side of the Corinthian Isthmus, and in the Iberian Peninsula, beyond the Pyrenees.Se revisa el género Venustoraphidia Aspöck & Aspöck, 1968 de la Península Ibérica. Hasta la fecha, este género sólo estaba representado por dos especies conocidas de Europa: Venustoraphidia nigricollis (Albarda, 1891) de Europa central y oriental, y su vicariante Venustoraphidia renate (Aspöck & Aspöck, 1974) del Peloponeso. El género es nuevo para la Península Ibérica, donde está representado por una tercera y nueva especie, vicariante de V. nigricollis al otro lado del Mediterráneo: Venustoraphidia conviventibus n. sp. Se anotan todas las referencias bibliográficas del género Venustoraphidia, así como los datos conocidos sobre la morfología externa, genital, biología, estadios juveniles, fenología y distribución de las dos especies de este género anteriormente conocidas. Se incluye una clave de identificación de las especies citadas, incluyendo la nueva especie presente en la fauna de la Península Ibérica. Para concluir se realiza un somero análisis biogeográfico sobre la distribución de estas tres especies en base a datos paleo-climáticos y a un presunto aislamiento bidireccional hacia el este/oeste de elementos centroeuropeos, quedando aisladas poblaciones en la Península del Peloponeso, al otro lado del istmo de Corinto, y en la Península Ibérica, al otro lado de los Pirineos

Revisión del género Phaeostigma Navás, 1909 de la Península Ibérica (Insecta, Raphidioptera)

The genus Phaeostigma Navás, 1909 in the Iberian Peninsula is revised. At present the genus was only represented in the Iberian Peninsula by the species Phaeostigma (Ph.) notata (Fabricius, 1781), and now the species Phaeostigma (Phaeostigma) italogallica (H. Aspöck & U. Aspöck, 1976) is recorded for the first time from Spain. All bibliographical references of Phaeostigma s.l., Phaeostigma s. str., Phaeostigma (Ph.) notata and Phaeostigma (Ph.) italogallica are considered, and all known information on their external and genital morphology, biology, phenology, inmature stages and distribution is also noted. An identification key of the two species listed in the Iberian Peninsula is also included, and a brief biogeographical analysis on the distribution of these two species based on an alleged flow of elements from Europe to the Iberian Peninsula through the Pyrenees is suggested.Se revisa el género Phaeostigma Navás, 1909 de la Península Ibérica, lugar donde, hasta la fecha, solo estaba representado por la especie Phaeostigma (Ph.) notata (Fabricius, 1781). Ahora se cita por primera vez la especie Phaeostigma (Phaeostigma) italogallica (H. Aspöck & U. Aspöck, 1976) en España. Se anotan todas las referencias bibliográficas del género Phaeostigma s.l., de Phaeostigma s.str., de Phaeostigma (Ph.) notata y de Phaeostigma (Ph.) italogallica, así como los datos conocidos sobre su morfología externa, genital, biología, estadios juveniles, fenología y distribución. Se incluye una clave de identificación de las dos especies citadas en la Península Ibérica. Para concluir se realiza un somero análisis biogeográfico sobre la distribución de estas dos especies en base a un presunto flujo unidireccional de elementos desde Europa a la Península Ibérica a través de los Pirineos

THE REVOLUTION, WE HAVE ALMOST OVERSLEPT

Human genome decoding and the development of relatively simple methods of sequencing made it possible to unveil genetic origin of various diseases, including cardiological. Canalopathies, cardiomyopathies, family forms of hyperlipidemia, pulmonary arterial hypertension — these diseases abroad are the indications for more profound genetic test. The article focuses on the indications for routine sequencing of new generation

Revisión del género Harraphidia Steinmann, 1963 con la descripción de dos nuevas especies de la península Ibérica y de Marruecos (Insecta, Raphidioptera)

A taxonomical review of the genus Harraphidia Steinmann, 1963 is made. Up to now this genus included two species: its type species Harraphidia harpyia Steinmann, 1963, known from Morocco, and Harraphidia laufferi (Navás, 1915), known from the Iberian Peninsula. For this last species the subgenus Flavoraphidia H. Aspöck & U. Aspöck, 1968 is reconsidered and two new combinations Harraphidia (Flavoraphidia) laufferi n. comb. and Harraphidia (Harraphidia) harpyia Steinmann, 1963 n. comb. are proposed. Two new species: Harraphidia (Harraphidia) subdesertica Monserrat & Papenberg n. sp. and Harraphidia (Harraphidia) divergens Monserrat & Papenberg n. sp. are described from Spain and Morocco. All known bibliographical references to these species are reviewed, and a diagnosis and a subgenera –and species– keys are included and new data on their external morphology, genitalia, biology, phaenology and geographical distribution are given. The generally accepted view that this order of insects requires spending a period at temperature below or close to 0ºC during its preimaginal development is amplified to 8ºC as the minimum annual temperature for the pre-imaginal development in some S./S.E. Iberian species. A brief bio-geographical analysis of the distribution of these species is also undertaken, suggesting a possible bidirectional flow of elements between Europe and Africa during the Eocene and the Miocene.Se realiza una revisión taxonómica del género Harraphidia Steinmann, 1963. Hasta la fecha este género incluía dos especies: su especie tipo Harraphidia harpyia Steinmann, 1963, conocida de Marruecos, y Harraphidia laufferi (Navás, 1915), conocida de la Península Ibérica. Para esta última especie se reconsidera la validez del subgénero Flavoraphidia n. stat. H. Aspöck & U. Aspöck, 1968 como subgénero de Harraphidia y se propone Harraphidia (Flavoraphidia) laufferi n. comb. y Harraphidia (Harraphidia) harpyia Steinmann, 1963 n. comb. como nuevas combinaciones. Harraphidia (Harraphidia) subdesertica Monserrat & Papenberg n. sp. y Harraphidia (Harraphidia) divergens Monserrat & Papenberg n. sp. se describen como nuevas especies de España y de Marruecos. Se anotan todas las referencias bibliográficas existentes sobre cada una de ellas, se incluye una diagnosis y una clave de identificación de estos subgéneros y especies y se describen nuevos datos sobre su morfología externa, genital, biología, fenología y distribución. Se amplia en este orden de insectos la exigencia, comúnmente aceptada, de que requieren temperaturas inferiores o próximas a 0ºC durante su desarrollo pre-imaginal, confirmándose la presencia de especies en el S./S.E. Ibérico que se desarrollan en medios donde la temperatura anual no desciende de 8ºC. Se realiza un somero análisis biogeográfico sobre la distribución de estas especies en base a presunto flujo bi-direccional de elementos entre Europa y África durante el Eoceno y el Mioceno

5G Spectrum: enabling the future mobile landscape

© 2015 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works.The arrival of the fifth generation (5G) is expected to come together with three important enablers. First, the densification of access nodes will continue. Second, 5G networks must be highly flexible and adapt to the dynamism of the traffic location and patterns. For this, some of the radio access network (RAN) functionalities will run in large computer centers, able to dynamically assign more or fewer units of computation to the virtual cells distributed in the network. Finally, a complex landscape of spectrum availability and access will emerge where multiple frequency bands, subject to different regulations including various forms of shared spectrum, are expected to be available to wireless communication systems.Schotten, HD.; Uusitalo, MA.; Monserrat Del Río, JF.; Queseth, O. (2015). 5G Spectrum: enabling the future mobile landscape. IEEE Communications Magazine. 53(7):16-17. doi:10.1109/MCOM.2015.7158260S161753

Risk Assessment of Hip Fracture Based on Machine Learning

[EN] Identifying patients with high risk of hip fracture is a great challenge in osteoporosis clinical assessment. Bone Mineral Density (BMD) measured by Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA) is the current gold standard in osteoporosis clinical assessment. However, its classification accuracy is only around 65%. In order to improve this accuracy, this paper proposes the use of Machine Learning (ML) models trained with data from a biomechanical model that simulates a sideways-fall. Machine Learning (ML) models are models able to learn and to make predictions from data. During a training process, ML models learn a function that maps inputs and outputs without previous knowledge of the problem. The main advantage of ML models is that once the mapping function is constructed, they can make predictions for complex biomechanical behaviours in real time. However, despite the increasing popularity of Machine Learning (ML) models and their wide application to many fields of medicine, their use as hip fracture predictors is still limited. This paper proposes the use of ML models to assess and predict hip fracture risk. Clinical, geometric, and biomechanical variables from the finite element simulation of a side fall are used as independent variables to train the models. Among the different tested models, Random Forest stands out, showing its capability to outperform BMD-DXA, achieving an accuracy over 87%, with specificity over 92% and sensitivity over 83%.This study was partially funded by the FPI grant (FPI-SP20170111) from the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia obtained by Eduardo Villamor.Galassi, A.; Martín-Guerrero, JD.; Villamor, E.; Monserrat Aranda, C.; Rupérez Moreno, MJ. (2020). Risk Assessment of Hip Fracture Based on Machine Learning. Applied bionics and biomechanics (Online). 2020:1-13. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8880786S1132020World Health OrganizationAssessment of fracture risk and its application to screening for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Report of a WHO Study Group1994http://www.who.int/iris/handle/10665/39142, http://apps.who.int//iris/handle/10665/39142Cooper, C., Campion, G., & Melton, L. J. (1992). Hip fractures in the elderly: A world-wide projection. Osteoporosis International, 2(6), 285-289. doi:10.1007/bf01623184El Maghraoui, A., & Roux, C. (2008). DXA scanning in clinical practice. QJM, 101(8), 605-617. doi:10.1093/qjmed/hcn022Testi, D., Viceconti, M., Cappello, A., & Gnudi, S. (2002). Prediction of Hip Fracture Can Be Significantly Improved by a Single Biomedical Indicator. Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 30(6), 801-807. doi:10.1114/1.1495866Nguyen, N. D., Frost, S. A., Center, J. R., Eisman, J. A., & Nguyen, T. V. (2008). Development of prognostic nomograms for individualizing 5-year and 10-year fracture risks. Osteoporosis International, 19(10), 1431-1444. doi:10.1007/s00198-008-0588-0Bolland, M. J., Siu, A. T., Mason, B. H., Horne, A. M., Ames, R. W., Grey, A. B., … Reid, I. R. (2011). Evaluation of the FRAX and Garvan fracture risk calculators in older women. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 26(2), 420-427. doi:10.1002/jbmr.215Fountoulis, G., Kerenidi, T., Kokkinis, C., Georgoulias, P., Thriskos, P., Gourgoulianis, K., … Vlychou, M. (2016). Assessment of Bone Mineral Density in Male Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease by DXA and Quantitative Computed Tomography. International Journal of Endocrinology, 2016, 1-6. doi:10.1155/2016/6169721Pellicer-Valero, O. J., Rupérez, M. J., Martínez-Sanchis, S., & Martín-Guerrero, J. D. (2020). Real-time biomechanical modeling of the liver using Machine Learning models trained on Finite Element Method simulations. Expert Systems with Applications, 143, 113083. doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2019.113083Martínez-Martínez, F., Rupérez-Moreno, M. J., Martínez-Sober, M., Solves-Llorens, J. A., Lorente, D., Serrano-López, A. J., … Martín-Guerrero, J. D. (2017). A finite element-based machine learning approach for modeling the mechanical behavior of the breast tissues under compression in real-time. Computers in Biology and Medicine, 90, 116-124. doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2017.09.019Davenport, T., & Kalakota, R. (2019). The potential for artificial intelligence in healthcare. Future Healthcare Journal, 6(2), 94-98. doi:10.7861/futurehosp.6-2-94Kruse, C., Eiken, P., & Vestergaard, P. (2016). Clinical fracture risk evaluated by hierarchical agglomerative clustering. Osteoporosis International, 28(3), 819-832. doi:10.1007/s00198-016-3828-8Ho-Le, T. P., Center, J. R., Eisman, J. A., Nguyen, T. V., & Nguyen, H. T. (2017). Prediction of hip fracture in post-menopausal women using artificial neural network approach. 2017 39th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC). doi:10.1109/embc.2017.8037784Dall’Ara, E., Eastell, R., Viceconti, M., Pahr, D., & Yang, L. (2016). Experimental validation of DXA-based finite element models for prediction of femoral strength. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 63, 17-25. doi:10.1016/j.jmbbm.2016.06.004Enns-Bray, W. S., Bahaloo, H., Fleps, I., Pauchard, Y., Taghizadeh, E., Sigurdsson, S., … Helgason, B. (2019). Biofidelic finite element models for accurately classifying hip fracture in a retrospective clinical study of elderly women from the AGES Reykjavik cohort. Bone, 120, 25-37. doi:10.1016/j.bone.2018.09.014Testi, D., Viceconti, M., Baruffaldi, F., & Cappello, A. (1999). Risk of fracture in elderly patients: a new predictive index based on bone mineral density and finite element analysis. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, 60(1), 23-33. doi:10.1016/s0169-2607(99)00007-3Yang, L., Palermo, L., Black, D. M., & Eastell, R. (2014). Prediction of Incident Hip Fracture with the Estimated Femoral Strength by Finite Element Analysis of DXA Scans in the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 29(12), 2594-2600. doi:10.1002/jbmr.2291Luo, Y., Ahmed, S., & Leslie, W. D. (2018). Automation of a DXA-based finite element tool for clinical assessment of hip fracture risk. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, 155, 75-83. doi:10.1016/j.cmpb.2017.11.020Terzini, M., Aldieri, A., Rinaudo, L., Osella, G., Audenino, A. L., & Bignardi, C. (2019). Improving the Hip Fracture Risk Prediction Through 2D Finite Element Models From DXA Images: Validation Against 3D Models. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 7. doi:10.3389/fbioe.2019.00220Nishiyama, K. K., Ito, M., Harada, A., & Boyd, S. K. (2013). Classification of women with and without hip fracture based on quantitative computed tomography and finite element analysis. Osteoporosis International, 25(2), 619-626. doi:10.1007/s00198-013-2459-6Jiang, P., Missoum, S., & Chen, Z. (2015). Fusion of clinical and stochastic finite element data for hip fracture risk prediction. Journal of Biomechanics, 48(15), 4043-4052. doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.09.044Ferizi, U., Besser, H., Hysi, P., Jacobs, J., Rajapakse, C. S., Chen, C., … Chang, G. (2018). Artificial Intelligence Applied to Osteoporosis: A Performance Comparison of Machine Learning Algorithms in Predicting Fragility Fractures From MRI Data. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 49(4), 1029-1038. doi:10.1002/jmri.26280Villamor, E., Monserrat, C., Del Río, L., Romero-Martín, J. A., & Rupérez, M. J. (2020). Prediction of osteoporotic hip fracture in postmenopausal women through patient-specific FE analyses and machine learning. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, 193, 105484. doi:10.1016/j.cmpb.2020.105484Rossman, T., Kushvaha, V., & Dragomir-Daescu, D. (2015). QCT/FEA predictions of femoral stiffness are strongly affected by boundary condition modeling. Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 19(2), 208-216. doi:10.1080/10255842.2015.1006209Si, H. (2015). TetGen, a Delaunay-Based Quality Tetrahedral Mesh Generator. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software, 41(2), 1-36. doi:10.1145/2629697Morgan, E. F., & Keaveny, T. M. (2001). Dependence of yield strain of human trabecular bone on anatomic site. Journal of Biomechanics, 34(5), 569-577. doi:10.1016/s0021-9290(01)00011-2Morgan, E. F., Bayraktar, H. H., & Keaveny, T. M. (2003). Trabecular bone modulus–density relationships depend on anatomic site. Journal of Biomechanics, 36(7), 897-904. doi:10.1016/s0021-9290(03)00071-xBayraktar, H. H., Morgan, E. F., Niebur, G. L., Morris, G. E., Wong, E. K., & Keaveny, T. M. (2004). Comparison of the elastic and yield properties of human femoral trabecular and cortical bone tissue. Journal of Biomechanics, 37(1), 27-35. doi:10.1016/s0021-9290(03)00257-4Wirtz, D. C., Schiffers, N., Pandorf, T., Radermacher, K., Weichert, D., & Forst, R. (2000). Critical evaluation of known bone material properties to realize anisotropic FE-simulation of the proximal femur. Journal of Biomechanics, 33(10), 1325-1330. doi:10.1016/s0021-9290(00)00069-5Eckstein, F., Wunderer, C., Boehm, H., Kuhn, V., Priemel, M., Link, T. M., & Lochmüller, E.-M. (2003). Reproducibility and Side Differences of Mechanical Tests for Determining the Structural Strength of the Proximal Femur. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 19(3), 379-385. doi:10.1359/jbmr.0301247Orwoll, E. S., Marshall, L. M., Nielson, C. M., Cummings, S. R., Lapidus, J., … Cauley, J. A. (2009). Finite Element Analysis of the Proximal Femur and Hip Fracture Risk in Older Men. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 24(3), 475-483. doi:10.1359/jbmr.081201Maas, S. A., Ellis, B. J., Ateshian, G. A., & Weiss, J. A. (2012). FEBio: Finite Elements for Biomechanics. Journal of Biomechanical Engineering, 134(1). doi:10.1115/1.4005694Choi, W. J., Cripton, P. A., & Robinovitch, S. N. (2014). Effects of hip abductor muscle forces and knee boundary conditions on femoral neck stresses during simulated falls. Osteoporosis International, 26(1), 291-301. doi:10.1007/s00198-014-2812-4Van den Kroonenberg, A. J., Hayes, W. C., & McMahon, T. A. (1995). Dynamic Models for Sideways Falls From Standing Height. Journal of Biomechanical Engineering, 117(3), 309-318. doi:10.1115/1.2794186Robinovitch, S. N., McMahon, T. A., & Hayes, W. C. (1995). Force attenuation in trochanteric soft tissues during impact from a fall. Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 13(6), 956-962. doi:10.1002/jor.1100130621Dufour, A. B., Roberts, B., Broe, K. E., Kiel, D. P., Bouxsein, M. L., & Hannan, M. T. (2011). The factor-of-risk biomechanical approach predicts hip fracture in men and women: the Framingham Study. Osteoporosis International, 23(2), 513-520. doi:10.1007/s00198-011-1569-2BowyerK. W.ChawlaN. V.HallL. O.KegelmeyerW. P.SMOTE: synthetic minority over-sampling techniqueCoRRhttps://arxiv.org/abs/1106.181

Lattice dynamics and electron-phonon coupling calculations using nondiagonal supercells

We study the direct calculation of total energy derivatives for lattice dynamics and electronphonon coupling calculations using supercell matrices with non-zero off-diagonal elements. We show that it is possible to determine the response of a periodic system to a perturbation characterized by a wave vector with reduced fractional coordinates (m₁/n₁, m₂/n₂, m₃/n₃) using a supercell containing a number of primitive cells equal to the least common multiple of n₁, n₂, and n₃. If only diagonal supercell matrices are used, a supercell containing n₁n₂n₃ primitive cells is required. We demonstrate that the use of non-diagonal supercells significantly reduces the computational cost of obtaining converged zero-point energies and phonon dispersions for diamond and graphite. We also perform electron-phonon coupling calculations using the direct method to sample the vibrational Brillouin zone with grids of unprecedented size, which enables us to investigate the convergence of the zero-point renormalization to the thermal and optical band gaps of diamond.J. H. L.-W. thanks the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (UK) for a PhD studentship. B. M. thanks Robinson College, Cambridge, and the Cambridge Philosophical Society for a Henslow Research Fellowship. This work used the Cambridge High Performance Computing Service, for which access was funded by the EPSRC [EP/J017639/1], and the ARCHER UK National Supercomputing Service, for which access was obtained via the UKCP consortium and funded by the EPSRC [EP/K013564/1].This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from APS via http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.92.184301 All relevant data present in this article can be accessed at: https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/ handle/1810/25142