Ethnographic Vignettes: Social Change and Social Encounters in Solwezi, Northwestern Zambia

What is social change, and where is it coming from? How can we see it when it happens, and is there ever any moment of time where there is no change? Societies never stagnate, of course, but is there something like accelerated change or the beginning of social change? What are the conditions for it? And how can we not only recognise it when it happens but also relate it to a readership? These questions shaped our discussions during two terms in the seminar rooms of the Chair of Social Anthropology, University of Basel and - albeit in the background - during six weeks of guided field research in Solwezi town in Northwestern Zambia. In this Basel Paper issue, master students in Social Anthropology and African Studies present the results of this enquiry. The issue's contribution is threefold: First, it engages with the question of how to present social change with the help of vignettes, second, it offers a diverse tapestry of insights into a central region of today's capitalist world and, third, it attempts a refine- ment of the ethnographic method of participant observation

Mutation update and genotype-phenotype correlations of novel and previously described mutations in TPM2 and TPM3 causing congenital myopathies

Mutations affecting skeletal muscle isoforms of the tropomyosin genes may cause nemaline myopathy, cap myopathy, core-rod myopathy, congenital fiber-type disproportion, distal arthrogryposes, and Escobar syndrome. We correlate the clinical picture of these diseases with novel (19) and previously reported (31) mutations of the TPM2 and TPM3 genes. Included are altogether 93 families: 53 with TPM2 mutations and 40 with TPM3 mutations. Thirty distinct pathogenic variants of TPM2 and 20 of TPM3 have been published or listed in the Leiden Open Variant Database (http://www.dmd.nl/). Most are heterozygous changes associated with autosomal-dominant disease. Patients with TPM2 mutations tended to present with milder symptoms than those with TPM3 mutations, DA being present only in the TPM2 group. Previous studies have shown that five of the mutations in TPM2 and one in TPM3 cause increased Ca2+ sensitivity resulting in a hypercontractile molecular phenotype. Patients with hypercontractile phenotype more often had contractures of the limb joints (18/19) and jaw (6/19) than those with nonhypercontractile ones (2/22 and 1/22), whereas patients with the non-hypercontractile molecular phenotype more often (19/22) had axial contractures than the hypercontractile group (7/19). Our in silico predictions show that most mutations affect tropomyosin–actin association or tropomyosin head-to-tail binding

Gestion et accessibilité des rapports de fouille à la Sous-direction de l’archéologie

International audienc

Cadres de santé : quelles évolutions et formations ?

Au sommaire du dossier, trois articles : De quelques évolutions de l'hôpital et de leurs effets sur le travail des cadres ; Travaux de réingénierie de la formation cadres de santé ; Le cadre de santé dans son management : proximité ou juste distance

A High-Throughput Short Sequence Typing Scheme for Serratia marcescens Pure Culture and Environmental DNA

Molecular typing methods are used to characterize the relatedness between bacterial isolates involved in infections. These approaches rely mostly on discrete loci or whole-genome sequencing (WGS) analyses of pure cultures. On the other hand, their application to environmental DNA profiling to evaluate epidemiological relatedness among patients and environments has received less attention. We developed a specific, high-throughput short sequence typing (HiSST) method for the opportunistic human pathogen Serratia marcescens. Genes displaying the highest polymorphism were retrieved from the core genome of 60 S. marcescens strains. Bioinformatics analyses showed that use of only three loci (within bssA, gabR, and dhaM) distinguished strains with a high level of efficiency. This HiSST scheme was applied to an epidemiological survey of S. marcescens in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). In a first case study, a strain responsible for an outbreak in the NICU was found in a sink drain of this unit, by using HiSST scheme and confirmed by WGS. The HiSST scheme was also applied to environmental DNA extracted from sink-environment samples. Diversity of S. marcescens was modest, with 11, 6, and 4 different sequence types (ST) of gabR, bssA, and dhaM loci among 19 sink drains, respectively. Epidemiological relationships among sinks were inferred on the basis of pairwise comparisons of ST profiles. Further research aimed at relating ST distribution patterns to environmental features encompassing sink location, utilization, and microbial diversity is needed to improve the surveillance and management of opportunistic pathogens. IMPORTANCE Serratia marcescens is an important opportunistic human pathogen, often multidrug resistant and involved in outbreaks of nosocomial infections in neonatal intensive care units. Here, we propose a quick and user-friendly method to select the best typing scheme for nosocomial outbreaks in relating environmental and clinical sources. This method, named high-throughput short sequence typing (HiSST), allows to distinguish strains and to explore the diversity profile of nonculturable S. marcescens. The application of HiSST profile analysis for environmental DNA offers new possibilities to track opportunistic pathogens, identify their origin, and relate their distribution pattern with environmental features encompassing sink location, utilization, and microbial diversity. Adaptation of the method to other opportunistic pathogens is expected to improve knowledge regarding their ecology, which is of significant interest for epidemiological risk assessment and elaborate outbreak mitigation strategies

Shoreline reconstruction since the Middle Holocene in the vicinity of the ancient city of Apollonia (Albania, Seman and Vjosa deltas)

International audienceA geomorphological map was constructed, based on satellite imagery of the recent geomorphological evolution of the delta of the Seman and the Vjosa rivers, Albania. Results of the analysis of data collected from unpublished geological profiles carried out by Russian and Albanian geologists indicate that concentrations of heavy minerals are clearly correlated with palaeo-shorelines, particularly in six boreholes drilled in the vicinity of the ancient city of Apollonia (7th century BC-7th century AD). Study was mainly based on sedimentological, pollen and diatom analysis. About twenty samples of wood or peat debris have been 14C dated (AMS), all between 3050 ± 50 BP and 340 ± 50 BP. Based on this evidence, a new palaeogeographic reconstruction of the shoreline over the last 3500 years is proposed. Two-thirds of the deltaic progradation occurred over the last 500 years. As a hypothesis, climatic fluctuations such as the Little Ice Age and socioeconomic fluctuations could play a major role in the acceleration of the process, in spite of an important neotectonic subsidence effect

A multi-approach inventory of the blue carbon stocks of Posidonia oceanica seagrass meadows: Large scale application in Calvi Bay (Corsica, NW Mediterranean).

peer reviewedIn Mediterranean, Posidonia oceanica develops a belowground complex structure ('matte') able to store large amounts of carbon over thousands of years. The inventory of blue carbon stocks requires the coupling of mapping techniques and in situ sediment sampling to assess the size and the variability of these stocks. This study aims to quantify the organic (Corg) and inorganic (Cinorg) carbon stocks in the P. oceanica matte of the Calvi Bay (Corsica) using sub-bottom profiler imagery and biogeochemical analysis of sediment cores. The matte thicknesses map (average ± SD: 2.2 m ± 0.4 m) coupled with marine benthic habitat cartography allows to estimate matte volume at 12 473 352 m3. The cumulative stocks were assessed at 20.2-50.3 kg Corg m-2 and 26.6-58.7 kg Cinorg m-2 within the first meter of depth on matte (3632 ± 486 cal yr BP). The data contributed to estimate the overall carbon stocks at 389 994 t Corg and 615 558 t Cinorg, offering a new insight of the heterogeneity of blue carbon stocks in seagrass meadows. Variability of carbon storage capacity of matte influenced by substrate is discussed