Respuesta de las características del sistema de raíces y de la vegetación en patrones de almendro frente al aporte de estimulantes de raíz

[EN] The almond tree (Prunus dulcis (Miller)) is an expanding crop, with production performance and yield rates increasing worldwide. However, the differences between producing countries are remarkable and lie very significantly on plantation management, especially with regard to irrigation and fertilization. One of the aims of the producers in the first phenological stages of the tree is to promote the formation of an adequate root system as this will determine to a large extent the future development of the almond tree. We studied and compared in this essay the response of both vegetative and radical systems, in the phenological stage just after garden centre nursery, of three rootstocks of almond tree (GF 677, GN Garnem y RP-R) to four biostimulants contents and a nutrient solution based on traditional almond fertilization. For this, individual treatments were performed on a weekly basis for 20 weeks (January to June) to the rootstocks that were placed, under irrigated conditions, in pots at the Polytechnic University of Valencia. Significant differences in the development of three rootstocks were found. GF 677 rootstock shown the less radical development, while GN Garmen was the rootstock with the more vigorous vegetative system, and RP-R the one that exhibited the more uniform spatial distribution of the root complex. As far as applied treatment are concerned, all products, with the exception of the product based on phosphites, showed modified patterns of development producing larger and wider vegetative and radical development than the samples used as control. The treatment that obtained the greatest results compared to both control samples and other biostimulants samples was the nutrient solution tested. Products with high percentages of organic matter in their composition showed very similar results with each other, leading to weight gain in both the vegetative and the root system and further promoting the formation of a greater number of secondary roots. The commercial product based on saccharides significantly different from control for most measurements but with results generally lower than the other treatments tested. All samples different from the control ones showed a decrease in the root to shoot ratio causing, according to the treatment applied, a more or less intense imbalance between shoots and roots systems.[ES] El almendro (Prunus dulcis (Miller)) es un cultivo en expansión, con tasas productivas y de rendimiento crecientes a nivel mundial. Sin embargo, las diferencias entre países productores son notables y residen de forma muy significativa en el manejo de las plantaciones, en especial en lo referente al riego y la fertilización. Uno de los objetivos de los productores en los primeros estadios fenológicos del árbol es promover la formación de un adecuado sistema radical dado que este condicionará en gran medida el futuro desarrollo del frutal. En el presente ensayo se estudió y comparó la respuesta tanto del sistema vegetativo como radical, en el ciclo fenológico inmediatamente posterior al desarrollo viverístico, de tres patrones actuales de almendro (GF 677, GN Garnem y RP-R) frente al aporte de cuatro bioestimulantes de raíz y una solución nutritiva basada en la fertilización tradicional para almendros. Para ello se realizaron tratamientos individuales y con una periodicidad semanal durante 20 semanas (de enero a junio) a los diversos patrones que se encontraban en macetas situadas en la Universidad Politécnica de Valencia y bajo condiciones de regadío. Se constataron diferencias significativas en el desarrollo de los tres patrones siendo el GF 677 el que menor desarrollo radical presentó, el GN Garmen el de sistema aéreo más vigoroso y el RP-R el patrón con mayor uniformidad en la distribución espacial de sus raíces. En cuanto a los tratamientos aplicados, todos los productos, a excepción del producto a base de fosfitos, modificaron los patrones de desarrollo de los portainjertos produciendo mayor desarrollo vegetativo y radical que las muestras tomadas como control. El tratamiento que mayores resultados obtuvo, en general para todas las mediciones y en comparación tanto al control como al resto de bioestimulantes, fue la solución nutritiva ensayada. Los productos con altos porcentajes de materia orgánica en su composición presentaron resultados muy similares entre sí, propiciando, tanto aumentos de peso en el sistema vegetativo como en el sistema de raíces y favoreciendo además la formación de mayor número de raíces secundarias. El producto comercial a base de sacáridos presentó diferencias significativas con respecto al control para la mayoría de mediciones pero con resultados en general inferiores al resto de tratamientos. Todas las muestras sometidas a tratamientos diferentes del control presentaron una disminución del ratio peso del sistema radical/peso de los brotes con hojas, provocando en función del tratamiento mayor o menor desequilibrio entre la parte aérea y el sistema radical.Mondragón Valero, A. (2015). Respuesta de las características del sistema de raíces y de la vegetación en patrones de almendro frente al aporte de estimulantes de raíz. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/67184Archivo delegad

Caracterización de materiales de almendro y mejora del desarrollo de planta joven

Tesis por compendio[ES] Uno de los mayores retos en los que incurre la producción agrícola hoy en día reside en alimentar de forma sostenible a una población creciente a la vez que concentra sus esfuerzos en hacerlo con el menor impacto ecológico posible. El actual sistema agroalimentario no solo impacta negativamente desde la perspectiva de la emisión de gases invernadero, sino que también favorece otros ámbitos como la degradación de los productos naturales, la pérdida de la biodiversidad o los cambios en el uso del suelo. La evidencia de este proceso de deterioro a escala mundial requiere de la puesta en marcha de planes de acción basados tanto en la mitigación del cambio climático (mediante la reducción de los gases de efecto invernadero) como en la adaptación al mismo mediante buenas prácticas agrícolas que consigan reducir la vulnerabilidad de los cultivos. Los objetivos de esta tesis se enmarcan en las vías de actuación definidas como prioritarias por la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas "Transformar nuestro mundo: la Agenda 2030 para el Desarrollo Sostenible". Más concretamente, en la mejora de la sostenibilidad del cultivo del almendro (Prunus dulcis Miller) prestando especial atención a la respuesta del sistema radical y su capacidad para mejorar la adaptación del cultivo a los nuevos escenarios derivados del proceso de cambio climático. En esta tesis se caracterizaron química y morfométricamente tres patrones de almendro. Se observaron diferencias significativas tanto en los sistemas radiculares como vegetativos de los mismos siendo el patrón GN el más vigoroso, el GF 677 el que presentó mayor número de raíces principales y el RP-R secundarias. Además, GN destacó por presentar mayor poder antioxidante y mayor contenido en fenoles, pudiendo estas propiedades influir en los mecanismos de defensa de la planta al inducir resistencia frente a determinados estreses. Los patrones se sometieron a diferentes medios de cultivo mediante el uso de dos sustratos. Las plantas cultivadas bajo fibra de coco presentaron un aumento masivo de raíces absorbentes y un engrosamiento del tronco mientras que las plantas cultivadas en la mezcla de turba y arena presentaron mayor longitud del sistema radical. Se estudió la respuesta de los patrones frente al aporte de bioestimulantes de raíz en vistas a contribuir a un manejo más racional y sostenible del cultivo. La fertilización mediante bioestimulantes tuvo un impacto significativo en el desarrollo de las plantas tanto a nivel aéreo como radicular y consiguió acortar los plazos de vivero, logrando plantas con mejor o más rápida capacidad de adaptación al campo. A grandes rasgos los mejores resultados se obtuvieron con el bioestimulante compuesto por materia orgánica, aminoácidos y extractos de algas. Adicionalmente y en respuesta a los retos medioambientales actuales se analizaron las propiedades energéticas del almendro y el posible uso de sus residuos como fuente de energía renovable atendiendo a diferentes factores que podrían influir sus propiedades energéticas como son la variedad, el patrón o el tipo de fertilización. Observamos que las variables que más influyeron en el poder calorífico del material fueron la variedad, el patrón y la interacción entre ambos. Siendo el cultivar Marcona y el patrón GF 305 los que presentaron mejores propiedades energéticas.[CA] Un dels majors reptes en els quals incorre la producció agrícola hui dia resideix a alimentar de manera sostenible a una població creixent alhora que concentra els seus esforços a fer-ho amb el menor impacte ecològic possible. L'actual sistema agroalimentari no sols impacta negativament des de la perspectiva de l'emissió de gasos amb efecte d'hivernacle, sinó que també afavoreix altres àmbits com la degradació dels productes naturals, la pèrdua de la biodiversitat o els canvis en l'ús del sòl. L'evidència d'aquest procés de deterioració a escala mundial requereix de la posada en marxa de plans d'acció basats tant en la mitigació del canvi climàtic (mitjançant la reducció dels gasos d'efecte d'hivernacle) com en l'adaptació al mateix mitjançant bones pràctiques agrícoles que aconseguisquen reduir la vulnerabilitat dels cultius. Els objectius d'aquesta tesi s'emmarquen en les vies d'actuació definides com a prioritàries per l'Assemblea General de les Nacions Unides "Transformar el nostre món: l'Agenda 2030 per al Desenvolupament Sostenible". Més concretament, en la millora de la sostenibilitat del cultiu de l'ametler (Prunus dulcis Miller) prestant especial atenció a la resposta del sistema radical i la seua capacitat per a millorar l'adaptació del cultiu als nous escenaris derivats del procés de canvi climàtic. En aquesta tesi es van caracteritzar química i morfométricament tres patrons d'ametler. Es van observar diferències significatives tant en els sistemes radiculars com vegetatius dels mateixos sent el patró GN el més vigorós, el GF 677 el que va presentar major nombre d'arrels principals i el RP-R secundàries. A més, GN va destacar per presentar major poder antioxidant i major contingut en fenols, podent aquestes propietats influir en els mecanismes de defensa de la planta en induir resistència enfront de determinats estressos. Els patrons es van sotmetre a diferents mitjans de cultiu mitjançant l'ús de dos substrats. Les plantes cultivades sota fibra de coco van presentar un augment massiu d'arrels absorbents i un engruiximent del tronc mentre que les plantes cultivades en la mescla de torba i arena van presentar major longitud del sistema radical. Es va estudiar la resposta dels patrons enfront de l'aportació de bioestimulants d'arrel en vistes a contribuir a un maneig més racional i sostenible del cultiu. La fertilització mitjançant bioestimulants va tindre un impacte significatiu en el desenvolupament de les plantes tant a nivell aeri com radicular i va aconseguir acurtar els terminis de viver, aconseguint plantes amb millor o més ràpida capacitat d'adaptació al camp. A grans trets els millors resultats es van obtindre amb el bioestimulant compost per matèria orgànica, aminoàcids i extractes d'algues. Addicionalment i en resposta als reptes mediambientals actuals es van analitzar les propietats energètiques de l'ametler i el possible ús dels seus residus com a font d'energia renovable atenent a diferents factors que podrien influir en les seues propietats energètiques com són la varietat, el patró o el tipus de fertilització. Observem que les variables que més van influir en el poder calorífic del material van ser la varietat, el patró i la interacció entre tots dos. Sent el cultivar Marcona i el patró GF 305 els que van presentar millors propietats energètiques.[EN] One of the greatest challenges that agricultural production is facing today lies in sustainably feeding a growing population while concentrating on doing so with the least possible ecological impact. The current agri-food system not only has a negative impact from the perspective of greenhouse gas emissions, but also favors other areas such as the degradation of natural products, the loss of biodiversity or the changes in land use. The evidence of this process of deterioration on a global scale requires the implementation of action plans based on both climate change mitigation (by reducing greenhouse gases) and climate adaptation through good agricultural practices that manage to reduce the vulnerability of crops. The objectives of this thesis are framed in the courses of action defined as priorities by the General Assembly of the United Nations "Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development". More specifically, in improving the sustainability of almond (Prunus dulcis Miller) cultivation, paying special attention to the response of the root system and its ability to improve the adaptation of the crop to the new scenarios derived from the process of climate change. In this thesis, three almond rootstocks were chemically and morphometrically characterized. Significant differences were observed both in their root and vegetative systems, with the GN rootstock being the most vigorous, the GF 677 the one with the highest number of main roots, and the RP-R the one showing more secondary roots. In addition, GN stood out for presenting greater antioxidant power and higher phenol content, these properties being able to influence the plant's defense mechanisms by inducing resistance to certain stresses. The rootstocks were subjected to different culture media by using two substrates. The plants grown under coconut fiber showed a massive increase in absorbent roots and a thickening of the trunk, while the plants grown in the mixture of peat and sand showed greater length of the root system. The response of rootstocks to the contribution of root biostimulants was studied to contribute to a more rational and sustainable management of the crop. Fertilization using biostimulants had a significant impact on the development of plants both at aerial and root levels and managed to shorten nursery periods, achieving plants with a better or faster capacity to adapt to the field. Broadly, the best results were obtained with the biostimulant composed of organic matter, amino acids and algae extracts. Additionally, and in response to current environmental challenges, the energy properties of the almond tree and the possible use of its residues as a source of renewable energy were analyzed considering different factors that could influence its energy properties, such as the variety, rootstock, or type of fertilization. We observed that the variables that most influenced the calorific power of the material were the variety, the rootstock and the interaction between both. The Marcona variety and the GF 305 rootstock were the ones that presented the best energy properties.This work was funded by Project 20170734. Development of methods of quantification of riparian vegetation biomass for the management of channels of the Comunitat Valencianaect . Dirección General de Universidades. Generalitat Valenciana (Spain).Mondragón Valero, A. (2022). Caracterización de materiales de almendro y mejora del desarrollo de planta joven [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/184486TESISCompendi

Estudio de los frutos de cuatro cultivares de olivo y evaluación de la evolución del color de sus aceites en la cuenca del Palancia (Comunidad Valenciana)

[ EN ] The olive tree is a crop of growing importance worldwide, in the last ten years their acreage has increased more than 15%.Consumption of olive oil has gone from being located in the Mediterranean area to expand into the rest of the world, being today, a product of global consumption. Spain in 2005, established itself as the leading producer and exporter of olive oil, a trend that continues to date. The varietal richness in the Iberian Peninsula is huge, with over 270 different crops, however, one of the consequences brought by the modernization of olive growing has been the standardization of the cultivars used, a small group of cultivars more uniform and generally much more productive has replaced a huge mosaic of heterogeneous local cultivars. The conservation of the local crops as an example for agricultural diversity becomes a priority for the agriculture of the twenty-first century. The main object of this TFG is to compare three local cultivars of olive (Serrana, Morruda and Cuquillo) with the cultivar Picual, currently the largest in the world, thus, contributing to the knowledge and recovery of the native material which is adapted ecologically and environmentally to our culture conditions, and, helping to safeguard the gene heritage of the species. We will comparatively analyze the evolution of these four cultivars in the town of Viver ( Castellon), during the pre-industrial harvesting months, establishing differences, on the one hand, at the fruit level and, on the other, at the varietal oils obtained. The characterization of the cultivars will be in accordance with the parameters established by the UPOV protocol and widen by the colorimetric study of their oils with the ABT scale (bromothymol blue).[ES] El olivo es un cultivo de importancia creciente a nivel mundial, en los últimos años su superficie de cultivo ha aumentado más de un 15%. El consumo de aceite de oliva ha pasado de estar localizado en el Área Mediterránea a expandirse por el resto del mundo, siendo a día de hoy, un producto de consumo global. España en 2005, se consolidó como el primer país productor y exportador de aceite de oliva, tendencia que se mantiene hasta la fecha. La riqueza varietal del olivo en la Península Ibérica es amplísima, contando con más de 270 cultivares diferentes, sin embargo, una de las consecuencias que ha traído consigo la modernización de la olivicultura ha sido la uniformización de los cultivares utilizados, un pequeño grupo de cultivares más uniformes y en general mucho más productivos ha sustituido a un enorme mosaico de cultivares locales en ocasiones heterogéneos. Conservar los cultivares de cultivo locales como ejemplo de protección de la biodiversidad agrícola se convierte pues en una prioridad para la agricultura del siglo XXI. El objetivo principal de este TGF es el de comparar tres cultivares locales de aceituna ( Serrana, Morruda y Cuquillo) con el cultivar picual, actualmente el más importante a nivel mundial contribuyendo con ello al conocimiento y recuperación del material pomológicamente autóctono y adaptado eco ambientalmente a nuestras condiciones de cultivo y colaborando a salvaguardar el patrimonio genético de la especie. Analizaremos comparativamente la evolución de estos cuatro cultivares en la población de Viver (Castellón), durante los meses previos a la recolección industrial y estableceremos diferencias tanto a nivel del fruto como de los aceites mono varietales obtenidos. La caracterización de los cultivares se realizará de acuerdo a los parámetros establecidos por el protocolo pomológico UPOV ampliándola mediante el estudio colorimétrico de sus aceites siguiendo como protocolo utilizado la técnica basada en la escala de índices del método ABT (Azul de Bromotino) para determinar el color de productos líquidos.Mondragón Valero, A. (2014). Estudio de los frutos de cuatro cultivares de olivo y evaluación de la evolución del color de sus aceites en la cuenca del Palancia (Comunidad Valenciana) http://hdl.handle.net/10251/40277.Archivo delegad

Influence of Fertilization and Rootstocks in the Biomass Energy Characterization of Prunus dulcis (Miller)

[EN] The importance of replacing fossil fuels with new energy routes such as the use of biomass leads to the improvement of sources such as agricultural and forest systems through adequate management techniques. The selection of the vegetal material and the management practices can influence the properties and quality of the obtained biofuel. The properties of the biomass obtained from pruning almond trees (Prunus dulcis (Mill)) have been analyzed in this study. Two varieties were tested, Marcona and Vayro, with three rootstocks, GF305, GF677 and GN Garnem, under different fertilization systems. The quality of the biofuel was evaluated with respect to the chemical composition and gross calorific value. We observed that the variables that mostly influenced the gross calorific value of the biomass were the variety, the rootstock and, primarily, the variety-rootstock interaction. Marcona presented better biomass properties than Vayro. Trees grafted on GF305 obtained a higher gross calorific value than the ones grafted on GF677 and GN Garnem. The percentage of nitrogen highly depended on the fertilization treatment applied, with saccharides and aminoacid fertilization accumulating a higher level of nitrogen than the humic and fluvic fertilization.This work was funded by Project 20170734. Development of methods of quantification of riparian vegetation biomass for the management of channels of the Comunitat Valenciana. Direccion General de Universidades. Generalitat Valenciana (Spain).Mondragón-Valero, A.; Velázquez Martí, B.; Salazar Hernández, DM.; López- Cortés, I. (2018). Influence of Fertilization and Rootstocks in the Biomass Energy Characterization of Prunus dulcis (Miller). Energies. 11(5):1-12. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11051189S112115Fernández-García, A., Rojas, E., Pérez, M., Silva, R., Hernández-Escobedo, Q., & Manzano-Agugliaro, F. (2015). A parabolic-trough collector for cleaner industrial process heat. 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Changes produced by the application of biostimulants on almond rootstocks properties during the nursery process

[EN] During the last ten years we have assisted to the consolidation of the almond crop that has remarkably increased its cultivation area causing a high demand for both plants and products related to growth stimulation. Accordingly, in the present work we aim to study the changes produced by the contribution of two biostimulants (humic and fulvic acids or aminoacids) on the properties of almond tree rootstocks. This kind of studies are of interest to the nursery cultivation industry where rapid growth of trees and good adaptation to their cultivation environment are required. Plants' radicular and vegetative systems responded differently according to the rootstock selection. The fastest and vigorous vegetative development was observed in GN rootstock whereas GF 677 showed the greatest number of main roots and RP-R of secondary roots. Differences on antioxidant activity and phenol content have also been found between rootstocks. All the tested samples were found to have a high antioxidant power and a high phenol content but GN stood out in this regard over the other rootstocks under study. The efficiency of the biostimulants applied has been verified. Both biostimulants promoted the development of the aerial part of the trees but biostimulant 2 did it to a greater extent. Biostimulant 1 was able to duplicate the number of main roots in RP-R and during the first year of study, biostimulant 2 originated an increase of the weight of the root system by 26.44% for RP-R, 16.93% for GF 677 and 48.00% for GN. In view of these results, synthetic chemical fertilizers can be at least partially replaced by biostimulants.Mondragón-Valero, A.; Malheiro, R.; Salazar Hernández, DM.; Pereira, JA.; López- Cortés, I. (2019). Changes produced by the application of biostimulants on almond rootstocks properties during the nursery process. Advances in Agriculture & Botanics (Online). 11(1):56-71. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/151095S567111

The development of the radicular and vegetative systems of almond trees with different rootstocks following the application of biostimulants

[EN] Aim of study: Recently, the development of almond crops on a global scale has increased their area under cultivation. The demand for both plants and products that stimulate the growth of almond trees has therefore become increasingly necessary. Accordingly, in this project we have studied the response in the vegetative and root systems of almond trees with different rootstocks to varying inputs of several root stimulants. Area of study: Valencia (Spain) Material and methods: Several different organic biostimulants were studied in isolation, i.e. not combined with synthetic chemical fertilizers, in order to ascertain if chemical fertilizers could be at least partially replaced. Main results: Good results were obtained by applying a biostimulant composed of organic matter rich in saccharides and carboxylates. Using an approach that enabled a distinguishing between them, plant radicular systems were shown to respond differently according to the biostimulant applied and the rootstock tested. The best results were obtained with a biostimulant composed of organic matter from corn hydrolysis and containing free amino acids and extracts from algae, as well as 0.07% zeaxanthins. Research highlights: Although biostimulants are promoters of young almond tree growth, they should be applied to only partially replace chemical fertilizers. The present paper shows the importance of using an organic-origin biostimulant, as a complement to chemical nutritionMondragón-Valero, A.; Malheiro, R.; Salazar Hernández, DM.; Martinez-Tome, J.; Pereira, JA.; López- Cortés, I. (2020). The development of the radicular and vegetative systems of almond trees with different rootstocks following the application of biostimulants. 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