PROTECTION OF BUILDING HERITAGE - CASE STUDY OF GREEK BUILDINGS IN DIMITROVGRAD

During 2020, the Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments of Nis conducted extensive research in the part of the municipality of Dimitrovgrad in order to record buildings, sites or entities with monumental properties. On that occasion, among other things, a larger number of city villas was recorded. The paper presents three selected representative examples of this type of house. An architectural analysis of each of the observed buildings is presented, as well as ortho-photo attachments. The entire procedure of documenting the building is listed and explained, from field drawings, through the elaboration of documentation to the development of 3d models. One of the goals of the entire research procedure, in addition to preparing documentation for further legal protection of buildings, was to educate students in the field of protection of architectural heritage, on specific tasks

CONDITION ASSESSMENT AND STRUCTURAL REHABILITATION OF THE ST. NICHOLAS CHURCH IN CRNA TRAVA

The paper analyzes the structural condition of the church dedicated to Saint Nicholas, which is located in the town of Crna Trava, in the south of Serbia. An architectural analysis of the observed structure is provided, as well as an overview of previous works on it, both research and rehabilitation and conservation. A detailed analysis of the structural system of the church is presented. The analysis and classification of the observed damages was performed, the works on the rehabilitation of the building were presented, and a proposal of further remedial measures was given with the aim of preventing further deterioration of the building

Formation of urban structure and architectonic forms of the Caricin grad in 6th century

The results of archeological and architectonic research of Caricin Grad are only partially known to the scientific public in spite of the numerous publications. For this reason, this paper is a way to present the urban structure of the city and its architectonic forms by gathering concise results and analyses of new architectonic field research and of the already published ones as well. The synthesis of new and already known facts and data, provides a more complete and thus clearer picture of the physical structure of this early Byzantine city than the one which exists now. The paper aims towards study of architectonic and urban forms of early Byzantium. The paper provides an analysis of archeological site, Caricin Grad from the viewpoint of urban structure, as well as an analysis of architectonic structures. Also viewed and analyzed were the issues of water supply for the city, and sewage system. The impacts responsible for formation of Caricin Grad in 6th century were analyzed, and also the building method and applied materials, by finding their origin, The building and other influences of Caricin Grad on the development and emergence of sacral architecture and individual forms of public architecture in the immediate vicinity of the city were defined. The paper determined the development of urban and architectonic form of Caricing Grad from founding in the first half of 6th century AD to its disappearance in 7th century AD, historical background of development. The documents on the individual structures of the city and parts of the city were updated, a typological classification (primarily religious) structures was established, and other early Byzantine sites in the vicinity were analyzed and the value of this category of building heritage was determined. The doctoral dissertation research results may serve as a basis for creation of adequate detailed town planning – technical and conservation conditions for protection of early Byzantine forts, and subsequently for adequate designs of reconstruction and revitalization. Ke

CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF PUBLIC BUILDNGS OF OTTOMAN ARCHITECTURE IN SOUTHERN AND EASTERN SERBIA

The paper presents buildings from the period of Ottoman domination in southern and eastern Serbia. The paper first presents the architectural analysis of the buildings in question. The historical context of their construction, their original function and the social role they had when they were created are also considered. A special emphasis was placed on the analysis of the current state of preservation of these buildings, their new functions and the role they play in society today

Primena GIS-a u analizi intenziteta erozije u slivu reke Vlasine

This paper analyses the state of erosion intensity in the Vlasina River Basin, the right tributary of the Južna Morava River. To determine the erosion intensity (Z) and sediment production, the Gavrilović method was used, in combination with the bare-soil index (BSI), with the application of geographic information systems (GIS) and multispectral satellite imagery. An erosion coefficient of 0.31 has been identified in the territory of the Vlasina River Basin, which has an area of 1,061.72 km². The prominent vertical fragmentation of the relief, large amount of precipitation in the source parts, density of the river network (1.65 km/km 2), which is above the average river network density in Serbia, as well as inadequate land exploitation, are the main reasons why it is necessary to monitor the erosion intensity in the Vlasina River Basin. The annual production of the sediment is 462,496.30 m³, while the value of specific sediment production is 435,47 m³/km²/year. This study represents the attempt to apply modern technologies to d1etermine the intensity of erosion in the Vlasina River Basin, and the results obtained could be used for more adequate management of land and water resources, sustainable planning of the forest ecosystems and environmental protection.U ovom radu analizirano je stanje intenziteta erozije u slivu reke Vlasine, desne pritoke Južne Morave. Za određivanje intenziteta erozije (Z) i produkcije nanosa korišćen je metod Gavrilovića u kombinaciji sa indeksom ogolićenosti zemljišta (BSI), primenom geografskih informacionih sistema (GIS) i multispektralnih satelitskih snimaka. Na teritoriji sliva Vlasine koji ima površinu od 1.061,72 km2, identifikovan je koeficijent erozije od 0,31. Izražena vertikalna raščlanjenost reljefa, velika količina padavina u izvorišnim delovima, gustina rečne mreže (1,65 km/km2) koja je iznad prosečne gustine rečne mreže u Srbiji, kao i neadekvatan način korišćenja zemljišta predstavljaju glavne razloge zbog kojih je potrebno pratiti intenzitet erozije u slivu Vlasine. Godišnja produkcija nanosa iznosi 462.496,30 m3, dok je vrednost specifične produkcije nanosa 435,47 m3/km2/god. Ovaj rad predstavlja pokušaj primene savremenih tehnologija za određivanje intenziteta erozije u slivu Vlasine, a dobijeni rezultati se mogu koristiti za adekvatnije upravljanje zemljišnim i vodnim resursima, održivo planiranje šumskih ekosistema i zaštitu životne sredine

Characteristics of Mortar from the Archeological site Caričin Grad

The paper presents research of mortar from the archeological site Caričin Grad. Caričin Grad is an early Byzantine site located near Leskovac, Serbia. It is of extreme importance for the study of early Medieval architecture. The town covers the area of around 7 ha. In town planning terms, it consists of Acropolis, Middle, and Lower tow, each with its system of ramparts and the structures leaning on them. There is a large number of sacred buildings, Baths, public and private buildings, well developed water supply and sewerage system provide evidence of the town’s importance. Mortar was sampled from the buildings surrounding the circular square of the Middle town, from the structures north of Acropolis, gate between the Middle and Lower town, east gate of the Lower city as well as the aqueduct structure. Mortars were analyzed with the goal of obtaining information about morphological, mineralogical, chemical and basic physical properties of mortar. For analysis of these properties, optical microscopy was used and scanning electronic microscope. Depending on the location sampled mortars, there are differences of individual properties of mortar. The optical examination of macroscopic appearance of mortar samples indicated that those are limestone mortars. The aggregate grains detected are river and crushed limestone aggregate and fine pieces of bricks

SHELTERS FOR ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES IN SERBIA: A RESEARCH AIMING TO DEVELOP GUIDELINES FOR FUTURE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

Between the years 2003. and 2013. the Republic of Serbia alocated in its own budgets around one bilion dinars for designing and construction of shelters on archaeological sites. This paper researhes the main factors for decision making on different levels, resulting in certain designs and construction solutions, but in numerous problems also. Based on all so far performed works and their results, the general guidelines were given applicable to the range of professionals involved

Reliability-based structural analysis of a bucket wheel excavator's load-bearing steel structure

Structural analysis of large structures such as bucket wheel excavators (BWE) are generally performed using the finite element analysis and assessed according to the portion of the material's yielding limit. Consequently, a structure is evaluated just by the maximum stress at the specific location. In order to address the whole structural response of the object, this paper introduces a reliability-based structural evaluation presented on a case study of the BWE SchRs 630. Although the BWE reliability has been explored in literature, most of the research was based on data obtained from failure of systems and structure, over the years. Nevertheless, this investigation is dividing the pure structural from the system failure by mapping and analyzing the specific structural zones of the BWE. Finite element method obtained randomized stresses (i.e., D – demand of the structure) in a structure are categorized as independent variables and modeled using probability density function. The same is performed in case of the criterion – yield strength of the structure's material (i.e., C – capacity of the structure). Furthermore, yield strength distribution itself is evaluated according to the industry's practice meaning that mean value of the yield stress is to be reduced when used as a criterion for the stress assessments. Therefore, a margin function is analyzed according to the equation: M = C – D. Consequently, the structure is assessed as a whole through the introduction of the reliability index based on stresses. Such evaluation could enable comparison between the corresponding and similar structures in terms their structural response in more holistic manner

Fractals applications on fractured archeological samples reconstruction

The civil engineering materials in the whole existing civilization have many characteristics which do not depend of past historical period, but, there is forever and everywhere fractal characteristic of structures morphology. Many archeological sources which are very rich with samples from prehistorical periods, ancient Greece, Roman and Vestian period, Slovenes and later, are existing in Balkan and South-East Europe. These sources and samples are very important for our civilization evaluation. Sometimes or even often, we fined archeological samples which are fractured and damaged. In such situation, it is very important to reconstruct some of these parts. We developed quite new method based on fractals analysis and characterization which is an excellent tool for reconstruction the archeological and heritage samples. In these paper, we successfully presented this application and opened new perspectives for research in this area

Removal of heavy metals from aqueous media by sunflower husk: A comparative study of biosorption efficiency by using ICP-OES and LIBS

Presented research aimed to develop an alternative approach for the estimation of biosorption capability of sunflower husk. The acid-pretreated sunflower biomass was characterized by scanning electron microscopy combined with energy dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) analysis and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Biosorption efficiency has been evaluated using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). The adsorption capacity of the adsorbent was determined as the function of the pH of the solution, the initial concentration of heavy metal solutions, and contact time. The optimal conditions were achieved after 15 min of contact at pH 6, while the percentage of the removal was from 80.0–98.7 %, depending on the element. The results obtained from the kinetic and isotherm studies show that maximum adsorption of ions was quickly reached and followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Real samples were tested and obtained Ni values by LIBS method were 3100±200 and 1240±100 mg kg-1, while estimated values by the ICP-OES were 2995±20 and 1130±10 mg kg-1, respectively. The obtained results prove that LIBS method can be used as a “green alternative” for the evaluation of biosorption efficiency