PHYSIOLOGIC TRANSFUSION TRIGGERS AND MASSIVE TRANSFUSION

Blood transfusion is often a life saving intervention, but can also be harmful. Restrictive transfusion protocols have recently been developed with a post transfusion target haemoglobin level of 70–100 g/l. Whether haemoglobin level on its own is enough to guide our transfusion policy is an important issue. This review was aimed to look at other possible, so called physiological indicators of blood transfusion what clinicians can be used in addition to haemoglobin during their everyday practice. In the second part of the paper the problems of the management of massive bleeding are reviewed. In both cases, a complex approach is requiredtaking into consideration physiological changes in order to individualize treatment and hence avoid harm that can be caused by unnecessary transfusion of blood products

Vadföldek használata és a vadföldi növényzet fogyasztása Valkón.

Cultivation of game plots is a common traditional practice in Hungarian game management. However, it has significant costs. Efficiency of this measure therefore, should be controlled. In our study we investigated the utilisation of four game plots and food plot forage (rye, Secale cereale) in Valkó throughout an entire year from April 2007 to March 2008. Our study aim was to determine the intensity of area use by deer on food plots and estimate the biomass of the food plot forage consumed. We conducted faeces counts in every 2 or 4 week. We also measured the difference between the total biomass of grazed and ungrazed plant individuals and that of enclosed (untouched) and control (grazed) sampling areas. We found that red deer appear in food plots in every season, although there were clear differences in the deer dropping density between different periods. The highest values of the intensity of area use in game plots were revealed in autumn (October-November). However, in the first half of the year there was no significant difference in the deer faces density between the game plots and control forest areas. Similarly, significantly more plant biomass was consumed (has disappeared) from the food plot forage during the September-October period (30-90 kg/ha/day) than in the other parts of the year (0-10 kg/ha/day). We suggest that food plot forage – or at least rye – has no fundamental dietary significance for red deer. Since the utilisation of game plots and food plot forage became the highest in the roaring period in autumn, importance of social factors in visiting game plots can be more fundamental than that of dietary ones. We think that it is hard to prove the clear dietary benefits of food plot forage for red deer at a population level. However, increasing effectiveness of trophy hunting during the roaring season could be an achievable and more easily measurable goal of game plot management

A ciklusszervező utasítások tanítása

Ciklusok tanítása Turbo Pascal-banrégi képzésszakvizsga, informatika szakirán

A NAGYDOBRONYI VADVÉDELMI REZERVÁTUM (KÁRPÁTALJA, NYUGAT UKRAJNA) GYEPEINEK FLÓRÁJÁRÓL

Kárpátalja a Beregi-síkon keresztül csatlakozik Magyarországhoz. A síkon már a korai időkben kedvezőek voltak a természeti viszonyok az állattartás, a különböző mezőgazdasági tevékenységek, az erdőgazdaságok és a szőlőültetvények számára. A vizsgálataink helyszínéül választott Nagydobronyi Vadvédelmi Rezervátumban és környékén is nagyrészt már csak a másodlagos társulások dominálnak. Vizsgálataink helyszínéül a rezervátumban fekvő, különböző kezelés alatt álló, hét gyepterületet választottuk. A terepi mintavételezéseket 2012. augusztus 24-27 között végeztük, az egyes területek felmérését az ún. Braun- Blanquet kombinált becslési módszerrel végeztük. Így összesen 101 növényfajt és 2 taxont (Carex sp., Poacea sp.) azonosítottunk, amelyből 3 védett és 1 fokozottan védett

Foraging decisions with conservation consequences: Interaction between beavers and invasive tree species

1. Herbivore species can either hinder or accelerate the invasion of woody species through selective utilization. Therefore, an exploration of foraging decisions can contribute to the understanding and forecasting of woody plant invasions. Despite the large distribution range and rapidly growing abundance of beaver species across the Northern Hemisphere, only a few studies focus on the interaction between beavers and invasive woody plants. 2. We collected data on the woody plant supply and utilization at 20 study sites in Hungary, at two fixed distances from the water. The following parameters were registered: taxon, trunk diameter, type of utilization, and carving depth. Altogether 5401 units (trunks and thick branches) were identified individually. We developed a statistical protocol that uses a dual approach, combining whole‐database and transect‐level analyses to examine foraging strategy. 3. Taxon, diameter, and distance from water all had a significant effect on foraging decisions. The order of preference for the four most abundant taxa was Populus spp. (softwood), Salix spp. (softwood), Fraxinus pennsylvanica (invasive hardwood), and Acer negundo (invasive hardwood). The diameter influenced the type of utilization, as units with greater diameter were rather carved or debarked than felled. According to the central‐place foraging strategy, the intensity of the foraging decreased with the distance from the water, while both the taxon and diameter selectivity increased. This suggests stronger modification of the woody vegetation directly along the waterbank, together with a weaker impact further from the water. 4. In contrast to invasive trees, for which utilization occurred almost exclusively in the smallest diameter class, even the largest softwood trees were utilized by means of carving and debarking. This may lead to the gradual loss of softwoods or the transformation of them into shrubby forms. After the return of the beaver, mature stages of softwood stands and thus the structural heterogeneity of floodplain woody vegetation could be supported by the maintenance of sufficiently large active floodplains. 5. The beaver accelerates the shift of the canopy layer's species composition toward invasive hardwood species, supporting the enemy release hypothesis. However, the long‐term impact will also depend on how plants respond to different types of utilization and on their ability to regenerate, which are still unexplored issues in this environment. Our results should be integrated with knowledge about factors influencing the competitiveness of the studied native and invasive woody species to support floodplain conservation and reconstruction

Large size and slow rotation of the trans-Neptunian object (225088) 2007 OR10 discovered from Herschel and K2 observations

We present the first comprehensive thermal and rotational analysis of the second most distant trans-Neptunian object (225088) 2007 OR10. We combined optical light curves provided by the Kepler space telescope -- K2 extended mission and thermal infrared data provided by the Herschel Space Observatory. We found that (225088) 2007 OR10 is likely to be larger and darker than derived by earlier studies: we obtained a diameter of d=1535^{+75}_{-225} km which places (225088) 2007 OR10 in the biggest top three trans-Neptunian objects. The corresponding visual geometric albedo is p_V=0.089^{+0.031}_{-0.009}. The light curve analysis revealed a slow rotation rate of P_rot=44.81+/-0.37 h, superseded by a very few objects only. The most likely light-curve solution is double-peaked with a slight asymmetry, however, we cannot safely rule out the possibility of having a rotation period of P_rot=22.40+/-0.18 h which corresponds to a single-peaked solution. Due to the size and slow rotation, the shape of the object should be a MacLaurin ellipsoid, so the light variation should be caused by surface inhomogeneities. Its newly derived larger diameter also implies larger surface gravity and a more likely retention of volatiles -- CH_4, CO and N_2 -- on the surface.Comment: Accepted for publication in AJ, 8 pages in emulateapj styl