Estudio Comparativo de los Efectos del Tipo de Forraje y de la Proporción Forraje - Concentrado sobre la Fermentación Ruminal en Cabras y en Fermentadores de Flujo Simple Continuo.

Los fermentadores de flujo continuo (FFC) permiten el estudio de la fermentación ruminal de forma más simple y menos costosa que los ensayos in vivo. Sin embargo, las comparaciones directas rumen – FFC son escasas y las existentes se han llevado a cabo con fermentadores de flujo doble continuo y ganado vacuno (Hannah et al., 1986; Mansfield et al., 1995; Muetzel et al., 2008). La información relativa a pequeños rumiantes es escasa (Carro et al., 2009; Molina et al., 2009) y los diferentes estudios han empleado ingestas variables entre 10,5 (Muetzel et al., 2008) y 90 (Slyter y Rumsey, 1991) g de materia seca (MS)/día/L de volumen efectivo del fermentador. Dado el efecto del pH sobre la fermentación ruminal (Calsamiglia et al., 2008) su estudio parece esencial en lo que a la simulación in vitro se refiere. El objetivo del presente trabajo es comparar los efectos del tipo de forraje (F) y de la relación forraje:concentrado (F:C) sobre la fermentación ruminal en el rumen de caprino y en fermentadores de flujo simple continuo (FFSC). Además, se analiza el efecto del pH utilizando suministrando a los FFSC 30 ó 45 g MS/día

Modificaciones técnicas en fermentadores de flujo continuo: efectos sobre la población de protozoos y la fermentación

Los sistemas in vitro de simulación de la fermentación ruminal constituyen herramientas muy útiles para el estudio de la función ruminal. El mantenimiento de poblaciones microbianas representativas de las existentes en el rumen de los animales es uno de los requisitos que deberían cumplir los sistemas in vitro, pero la disminución del número de protozoos en los fermentadores es un hecho bien constatado (Moumen et al., 2009; Martínez et al., 2011). Dado el importante papel que los protozoos desempeñan en la función ruminal, el diseño de modificaciones técnicas que permitan mantener estas poblaciones en fermentadores supondría un importante avance para su utilización en el estudio del ecosistema ruminal. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue analizar dos modificaciones técnicas para mejorar la retención de los protozoos en fermentadores de flujo continuo

Influencia del tipo de filtrado y tratamiento con Stomacher del fluido ruminal de ovejas en las poblaciones microbianas del inóculo

Four rumen-fistulated sheep fed a 66:34 alfalfa hay:concentrate diet were used as donors to investigate the effect of rumen contents’ treatment on microbial populations in the resulting fluid. Rumen contents were sampled from each individual sheep and subjected to the following treatments: SQ: squeezed through 4 layers of cheesecloth; FIL: SQ treatment and further filtration through a 100-μm nylon cloth; STO: reated with a Stomacher® for 3 min at 230 rev min-1 and followed by SQ. Microbial populations in the fluid were analysed by real-time PCR and bacterial diversity was assessed by the automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (ARISA) of the 16S ribosomal DNA. Bacterial DNA concentrations and relative abundance of Ruminococcus flavefaciens, arqueal and fungal DNA did not differ (P>0.05) between treatments. In contrast, STO treatment decreased (P0.05) between treatments either in the Shannon index or in the number of peaks in the ARISA electropherograms, indicating no effect on bacterial diversity. Studies analyzing the influence on the tested methods on fermentation characteristics of different substrates when the fluid is used as inoculum is required

Use of tomato and cucumber horticulture by-products in goat diets: effects o nrumen fermentation and microbial communities in batch and continuous cultures

Two in vitro experiments were conducted to analyse the effects of replacing dietary barley grain with wastes of tomato and cucumber fruits and a 1 : 1 tomato : cucumber mixture on rumen fermentation characteristics and microbial abundance. The control (CON) substrate contained 250 g/kg of barley grain on a dry matter (DM) basis, and another 15 substrates were formulated by replacing 50, 100, 150, 200 or 250 g of barley grain/kg with the same amount (DM basis) of tomato or cucumber fruits or 1 : 1 tomato : cucumber mixture. In Expt 1, all substrates were incubated in batch cultures with rumen micro-organisms from goats for 24 h. Increasing amounts of tomato, cucumber and the mixture of both fruits in the substrate increased final pH and gas production, without changes in final ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N) concentrations, substrate degradability and total volatile fatty acid (VFA) production, indicating that there were no detrimental effects of any waste fruits on rumen fermentation. Therefore, in Expt 2 the substrates including 250 g of waste fruits (T250, C250 and M250 for tomato, cucumber and the mixture of both fruits, respectively) and the CON substrate were incubated in single-flow continuous-culture fermenters for 8 days. Total VFA production did not differ among substrates, but there were differences in VFA profile. Molar proportions of propionate, isobutyrate and isovalerate were lower and acetate : propionate ratio was greater for T250 compared with CON substrate. Fermentation of substrates containing cucumber (C250 and M250) resulted in lower proportions of acetate, isobutyrate and isovalerate and acetate : propionate ratio, but greater butyrate proportions than the CON substrate. Carbohydrate degradability and microbial N synthesis tended to be lower for substrates containing cucumber than for the CON substrate, but there were no differences between CON and T250 substrates. Abundance of total bacteria, Fibrobacter succinogenes and Ruminococcus flavefaciens, fungi, methanogenic archaea and protozoa were similar in fermenters fed T250 and CON substrates, but fermenters fed C250 and M250 substrates had lower abundances of R. flavefaciens, fungi and protozoa than those fed the CON substrate. Results indicated that tomato fruits could replace dietary barley grain up to 250 g/kg of substrate DM without noticeable effects on rumen fermentation and microbial populations, but the inclusion of cucumber fruits at 250 g/kg of substrate DM negatively affected some microbial populations as it tended to reduce microbial N synthesis and changed the VFA profile. More studies are needed to identify the dietary inclusion level of cucumber which produces no detrimental effects on rumen fermentation and microbial growth

Locally produced legumes and seaweed. Sustainable protein sources for a self-sufficient European animal production?

The animal feeding industry is looking for new local sources of high quality protein in order to reduce import and ensure sustainable and environmental friendly animal production systems. Local legumes and seaweeds may be alternative sources of protein. We present in this paper the background for the ongoing Norwegian Research Council project Legumes and seaweeds as alternative protein sources for sheep (AltPro), which aims to investigate the suitability and potential of legumes and seaweeds as new and underutilized protein sources in sheep diets. The project addresses several critical aspects for the future development of the agriculture industry in Norway applicable to other European countries from an integrated social and natural scientific approach: 1. use of protein sources alternative to soya, 2. environmental, climatic, societal and economical sustainability, 3. animal health and welfare

In vitro ruminal fermentation and methane production of different seaweed species

Author's accepted version (post-print).Available from 29/03/2018.Seaweeds have potentials as alternative feed for ruminants, but there is a limited knowledge on their nutritive value. Seven seaweed species collected along the coast above the Arctic circle of Norway, both in spring and autumn, were assessed for nutrients and total polyphenols (TEP) content, gas production kinetics and in vitro rumen fermentation in batch cultures of ruminal microorganisms. The seaweeds were three red species (Mastocarpus stellatus, Palmaria palmata and Porphyra sp.), three brown species (Alaria esculenta, Laminaria digitata and Pelvetia canaliculata) and one green species (Acrosiphonia sp.). Additionally, the abundance and diversity of total bacteria, protozoa and archaea in the cultures with the three red seaweeds collected in spring were analyzed by quantitative PCR and PCR-DGGE, respectively. The crude protein (CP) content varied widely. Pelvetia had the greatest (P  0.05) among the other seaweeds in VFA production, but Porphyra sp. had the second highest methane production (P  0.05) by either seaweed species or the collection season. Higher final pH (P  0.05) in the abundance or the diversity of total bacteria, protozoa and archaea. In the PCR-DGGE analysis, samples were separated by the incubation run for all microbial populations analyzed, but not by seaweed species. The results indicate that seaweed species differ markedly in their in vitro rumen degradation, and that samples collected in autumn had lower rumen degradability than those collected in spring.acceptedVersio

Preserving saccharina latissima and porphyra umbilicalis in multinutrient blocks : An in vitro evaluation

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Preserving Porphyra umbilicalis and Saccharina latissima as Silages for Ruminant Feeding

The study analyzed the characteristics, chemical composition, and in vitro gas production kinetics of Porphyra umbilicalis and Saccharina latissima silages. Each seaweed was ensiled in vacuum bags (three bags/silage) following a 2 × 3 factorial design, with two pre-treatments (unwilted or pre-wilted) and three silage types: unwashed seaweed ensiled without additive; seaweed washed and ensiled without additive; and seaweed washed and ensiled with 4 g of formic acid (FAC) per kg seaweed. Silages were kept for 3 months in darkness at 20 °C. Pre-wilting prevented (p < 0.001) effluent formation and reduced (p ≤ 0.038) the production of NH3-N and volatile fatty acids for both seaweeds. Both pre-wilting and washing increased (p < 0.05) the ruminal degradability of P. umbilicalis silages but not of S. latissima silages. The pH of the FAC-treated silages was below 4.0, but ranged from 4.54 to 6.23 in non FAC-treated silages. DL-lactate concentrations were low (≤23.0 g/kg dry matter) and acetate was the predominant fermentation product, indicating a non-lactic fermentation. The estimated ruminal degradability of the P. umbilicalis and S. latissima silages was as average, 59.9 and 86.1% of that for high-quality rye-grass silages, respectively, indicating a medium-low nutritional value of these seaweed silages for ruminants.publishedVersio

Gestió de la caça : efectes col·laterals del subministrament de pinso

En zones rurals de tot el món la caça de mamífers herbívors té sovint una gran importància econòmica. Per això, està molt estès en aquestes zones l'ús de mesures de gestió que afavoreixin la supervivència i les bones condicions de les espècies d'interès cinegètic. Entre les mesures de gestió és freqüent l'aportació d'aliment suplementari, fet que podria causar una variació en la selecció de plantes per part dels herbívors suplementats. Aquest estudi analitza els efectes que el subministrament de pinso a una població de cérvol ibèric provoca de manera indirecta sobre el matollar mediterrani.En zonas rurales de todo el mundo la caza de mamíferos herbívoros tiene a menudo una gran importancia económica. Por ello, está muy extendido en estas zonas el uso de medidas de gestión que favorezcan la supervivencia y las buenas condiciones de las especies de interés cinegético. Entre las medidas de gestión es frecuente el aporte de alimento suplementario, lo que podría causar una variación en la selección de plantas por parte de los herbívoros suplementados. Este estudio analiza los efectos que el suministro de pienso a una población de ciervo ibérico provoca de manera indirecta sobre el matorral mediterráneo