La esquizofrenia no existe

Los reiterados esfuerzos por encontrar una base cerebral para las enfermedades mentales graves han fracasado hasta la fecha. Hay dos razones que pueden contribuir a este fracaso histórico: el hecho que estas enfermedades se definan como agrupaciones de síntomas por acuerdo entre expertos y el uso de marcadores biológicos alejados de la función mental. Este fracaso además condena a la Psiquiatría a repetidas críticas que niegan su propia validez como rama de la Medicina. En este libro se propone una alternativa para superar esta situación, basada en el uso del conocimiento neurocientífico y médico para, partiendo de grupos con alteraciones comunes relacionadas con el sustrato de la actividad mental, poder redefinir las clasificaciones psiquiátricas hacia un sistema dotado de mayo validez.En conformidad con las condiciones del contrato de edición de "Ediciones Universidad de Valladolid", esta monografía se publicará inicialmente en papel. Transcurrido un periodo de embargo, se difundirá en formato digital y en acceso abierto

Methodology for measuring exhaust aerosol size distributions using an engine test under transient operating conditions

[EN] A study on the sources of variability in the measurement of particle size distribution using a two-stage dilution system and an engine exhaust particle sizer was conducted to obtain a comprehensive and repeatable methodology that can be used to measure the particle size distribution of aerosols emitted by a light-duty diesel engine under transient operating conditions. The paper includes three experimental phases: an experimental validation of the measurement method; an evaluation of the influence of sampling factors, such as dilution system pre-conditioning; and a study of the effects of the dilution conditions, such as the dilution ratio and the dilution air temperature. An examination of the type and degree of influence of each studied factor is presented, recommendations for reducing variability are given and critical parameter values are identified to develop a highly reliable measurement methodology that could be applied to further studies on the effect of engine operating parameters on exhaust particle size distributions. © 2011 IOP Publishing Ltd.The translation of this paper was funded by the Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, Spain.Desantes, J.; Bermúdez, V.; Molina, S.; Linares Rodríguez, WG. (2011). Methodology for measuring exhaust aerosol size distributions using an engine test under transient operating conditions. Measurement Science and Technology. 22(11):1-14. doi:10.1088/0957-0233/22/11/115101S1142211Dobbins, R. A. (2007). Hydrocarbon Nanoparticles Formed in Flames and Diesel Engines. Aerosol Science and Technology, 41(5), 485-496. doi:10.1080/02786820701225820Davidson, C. I., Phalen, R. F., & Solomon, P. A. (2005). Airborne Particulate Matter and Human Health: A Review. Aerosol Science and Technology, 39(8), 737-749. doi:10.1080/02786820500191348McDonald, J. D., Barr, E. B., & White, R. K. (2004). Design, Characterization, and Evaluation of a Small-Scale Diesel Exhaust Exposure System. Aerosol Science and Technology, 38(1), 62-78. doi:10.1080/02786820490247623Brown, D. M., Wilson, M. R., MacNee, W., Stone, V., & Donaldson, K. (2001). Size-Dependent Proinflammatory Effects of Ultrafine Polystyrene Particles: A Role for Surface Area and Oxidative Stress in the Enhanced Activity of Ultrafines. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 175(3), 191-199. doi:10.1006/taap.2001.9240Lighty, J. S., Veranth, J. M., & Sarofim, A. F. (2000). Combustion Aerosols: Factors Governing Their Size and Composition and Implications to Human Health. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 50(9), 1565-1618. doi:10.1080/10473289.2000.10464197Kittelson, D. B. (1998). Engines and nanoparticles. Journal of Aerosol Science, 29(5-6), 575-588. doi:10.1016/s0021-8502(97)10037-4Dockery, D. W., Pope, C. A., Xu, X., Spengler, J. D., Ware, J. H., Fay, M. E., … Speizer, F. E. (1993). An Association between Air Pollution and Mortality in Six U.S. Cities. New England Journal of Medicine, 329(24), 1753-1759. doi:10.1056/nejm199312093292401Sem, G. J. (2002). Design and performance characteristics of three continuous-flow condensation particle counters: a summary. Atmospheric Research, 62(3-4), 267-294. doi:10.1016/s0169-8095(02)00014-5Ankilov, A., Baklanov, A., Colhoun, M., Enderle, K.-H., Gras, J., Julanov, Y., … Zagaynov, V. (2002). Intercomparison of number concentration measurements by various aerosol particle counters. Atmospheric Research, 62(3-4), 177-207. doi:10.1016/s0169-8095(02)00010-8Wiedensohlet, A., Orsini, D., Covert, D. S., Coffmann, D., Cantrell, W., Havlicek, M., … Litchy, M. (1997). Intercomparison Study of the Size-Dependent Counting Efficiency of 26 Condensation Particle Counters. Aerosol Science and Technology, 27(2), 224-242. doi:10.1080/02786829708965469Giechaskiel, B., Ntziachristos, L., & Samaras, Z. (2004). Calibration and modelling of ejector dilutors for automotive exhaust sampling. Measurement Science and Technology, 15(11), 2199-2206. doi:10.1088/0957-0233/15/11/004Cheng, M.-D., Storey, J. M., Wainman, T., & Dam, T. (2002). Impacts of venturi turbulent mixing on the size distributions of sodium chloride and dioctyl-phthalate aerosols. Journal of Aerosol Science, 33(3), 491-502. doi:10.1016/s0021-8502(01)00180-xHueglin, C., Scherrer, L., & Burtscher, H. (1997). An accurate, continuously adjustable dilution system (1:10 to 1:104) for submicron aerosols. Journal of Aerosol Science, 28(6), 1049-1055. doi:10.1016/s0021-8502(96)00485-5Lyyränen, J., Jokiniemi, J., Kauppinen, E. I., Backman, U., & Vesala, H. (2004). Comparison of Different Dilution Methods for Measuring Diesel Particle Emissions. Aerosol Science and Technology, 38(1), 12-23. doi:10.1080/02786820490247579Wong, C. P., Chan, T. L., & Leung, C. W. (2003). Characterisation of diesel exhaust particle number and size distributions using mini-dilution tunnel and ejector–diluter measurement techniques. Atmospheric Environment, 37(31), 4435-4446. doi:10.1016/s1352-2310(03)00571-5Liu, Z. G., Ford, D. C., Vasys, V. N., Chen, D.-R., & Johnson, T. R. (2007). Influence of Engine Operating Conditions on Diesel Particulate Matter Emissions in Relation to Transient and Steady-State Conditions. Environmental Science & Technology, 41(13), 4593-4599. doi:10.1021/es0616229Liu, Z. G., Vasys, V. N., & Kittelson, D. B. (2007). Nuclei-Mode Particulate Emissions and Their Response to Fuel Sulfur Content and Primary Dilution during Transient Operations of Old and Modern Diesel Engines. Environmental Science & Technology, 41(18), 6479-6483. doi:10.1021/es0629007Desantes, J. M., Bermúdez, V., Pastor, J. V., & Fuentes, E. (2004). Methodology for measuring exhaust aerosol size distributions from heavy duty diesel engines by means of a scanning mobility particle sizer. Measurement Science and Technology, 15(10), 2083-2098. doi:10.1088/0957-0233/15/10/019Lapuerta, M., Armas, O., & Gómez, A. (2003). Diesel Particle Size Distribution Estimation from Digital Image Analysis. Aerosol Science and Technology, 37(4), 369-381. doi:10.1080/02786820300970Wiedensohler, A. (1988). An approximation of the bipolar charge distribution for particles in the submicron size range. Journal of Aerosol Science, 19(3), 387-389. doi:10.1016/0021-8502(88)90278-9Wen, H. Y., Reischl, G. P., & Kasper, G. (1984). Bipolar diffusion charging of fibrous aerosol particles—II. charge and electrical mobility measurements on linear chain aggregates. Journal of Aerosol Science, 15(2), 103-122. doi:10.1016/0021-8502(84)90030-2Oh, H., Park, H., & Kim, S. (2004). Effects of Particle Shape on the Unipolar Diffusion Charging of Nonspherical Particles. Aerosol Science and Technology, 38(11), 1045-1053. doi:10.1080/027868290883324Matti Maricq, M. (2007). Chemical characterization of particulate emissions from diesel engines: A review. Journal of Aerosol Science, 38(11), 1079-1118. doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2007.08.001Katz, J. L. (1970). Condensation of a Supersaturated Vapor. I. The Homogeneous Nucleation of the n‐Alkanes. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 52(9), 4733-4748. doi:10.1063/1.1673706Burtscher, H. (2005). Physical characterization of particulate emissions from diesel engines: a review. Journal of Aerosol Science, 36(7), 896-932. doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2004.12.001Mamakos, A., Ntziachristos, L., & Samaras, Z. (2004). Comparability of particle emission measurements between vehicle testing laboratories: a long way to go. 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ORGANIZACIONES EN EL MARCO DE UNA CULTURA SOCIAL INNOVADORA: PROPUESTA DE FACTORES EXPLICATIVOS

En la era de la innovación, la dotación de la infraestructura tecnológica necesaria y otras inversiones en I+D no son suficientes para configurar un ecosistema en el que la innovación sea todo un referente. El verdadero reto reside probablemente en promover y alcanzar un cambio cultural que potencie e interiorice capacidades, valores y relaciones facilitadoras de comportamientos proclives a la innovación tales como la creatividad, la iniciativa personal, la asunción razonable de riesgos, la curiosidad o el emprendizaje. Así, en un intento por analizar en clave global y multidimensional el fenómeno innovador, proponemos el término cultura social innovadora a partir de un análisis multinivel para personas, organizaciones y territorios. De manera concreta, centramos nuestra atención en el área de las organizaciones, y elaboramos una propuesta concreta acerca de aquellos factores clave cuya presencia y despliegue determinaría, a nuestro juicio, el desarrollo secuencial del proceso de innovación, esto es, desde la fase de exploración hasta la etapa de la creación o socialización de la innovación

A proposal for an Internet of Things-based monitoring system composed by low capability, open source and open hardware devices

The Internet of Things makes use of a huge disparity of technologies at very different levels that help one to the other to accomplish goals that were previously regarded as unthinkable in terms of ubiquity or scalability. If the Internet of Things is expected to interconnect every day devices or appliances and enable communications between them, a broad range of new services, applications and products can be foreseen. For example, monitoring is a process where sensors have widespread use for measuring environmental parameters (temperature, light, chemical agents, etc.) but obtaining readings at the exact physical point they want to be obtained from, or about the exact wanted parameter can be a clumsy, time-consuming task that is not easily adaptable to new requirements. In order to tackle this challenge, a proposal on a system used to monitor any conceivable environment, which additionally is able to monitor the status of its own components and heal some of the most usual issues of a Wireless Sensor Network, is presented here in detail, covering all the layers that give it shape in terms of devices, communications or services

Xeno-estrogenic activity of real-life mixtures of perfluoroalkylated substances in human placenta homogenates

The authors thank the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme HBM4EU under Grant Agreement No. 733032 for its financial support, as well as the Biomedical Research Networking Center-CIBER de Epidemiologia y Salud Publica (CIBERESP) , and the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) (FIS-PI16/01820) . We thank pre-vious and current colleagues at Centre for Arctic Health and Molecular Epidemiology, Aarhus University for their valuable scientist support. The authors also thank the Spanish Ministry of Education for the pre-doctoral fellowship (FPU) granted to A. Rodriguez-Carrillo (FPU 16/03011) .Humans are simultaneously exposed to complex chemical mixtures, and its combined effect can affect human health. As part of the HBM4EU project, the actual mixture of perfluoroalkylated substances (PFAS) in 25 human placenta samples was extracted by chromatographic methods and assessed for xeno-estrogenic activity using two in-vitro bioassays: the estrogen receptor transactivity and the E-Screen assay. Most of the PFAS extracts displayed xeno-estrogenic activity, in one or both assays. The xeno-estrogenic activities in the two bioassays were not correlated, but both assays showed an overall negative correlation with placenta concentrations of single PFAS. Xeno-estrogenic activities were significantly related to maternal characteristics; being higher in young, smokers and primiparous women, but not with fetal growth (birth weight, birth length, head circumference, gestational age, placenta weight). The presented extraction method can be used to study the combined effect of real-life mixtures of PFAS in relation to health outcomes in large-scale human biomonitoring studies.European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme HBM4EU 733032Biomedical Research Networking Center-CIBER de Epidemiologia y Salud Pblica (CIBERESP)Instituto de Salud Carlos III Spanish Government FIS-PI16/01820Spanish Government FPU 16/0301

Assessment of chemical mixtures using biomarkers of combined biological activity: A screening study in human placentas

The authors thank the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme HBM4EU under Grant Agreement No. 733032 for its financial support. Vicente Mustieles and Stephan Couderq are under contract within the HBM4EU project. Additionally, we acknowledge the Biomedical Research Networking Center-CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), and the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) (FIS-PI16/01820 and FIS-PI16/01858). The authors also thank the ISCIII and “Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional” (ISCIII/FEDER) for the Sara Borrell postdoctoral research contract granted to F. Vela-Soria (grant no. CD17/00212), and the Spanish Ministry of Education for the predoctoral fellowship (FPU) granted to A. Rodríguez-Carrillo (FPU 16/03011). This article will be part of the doctoral thesis developed by Andrea Rodríguez-Carrillo in the context of the “Clinical Medicine and Public Health Program” of the University of Granada (Spain). The authors gratefully acknowledge the technical assistance of Birgitte Møller Plesning.Humans are simultaneously exposed to complex mixtures of chemicals with limited knowledge on potential health effects, therefore improved tools for assessing these mixtures are needed. As part of the Human Bio-monitoring for Europe (HBM4EU) Project, we aimed to examine the combined biological activity of chemical mixtures extracted from human placentas using one in vivo and four in vitro bioassays, also known as biomarkers of combined effect. Relevant endocrine activities (proliferative and/or reporter gene assays) and four endpoints were tested: the estrogen receptor (ER), androgen receptor (AR), and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) activities, as well as thyroid hormone (TH) signaling. Correlations among bioassays and their functional shapes were evaluated. Results showed that all placental extracts agonized or antagonized at least three of the above-mentioned endpoints. Most placentas induced ER-mediated transactivation and ER-dependent cell proliferation, together with a strong inhibition of TH signaling and the AR transactivity; while the induction of the AhR was found in only one placental extract. The effects in the two estrogenic bioassays were positively and significantly correlated and the AR-antagonism activity showed a positive borderline-significant correlation with both es-trogenic bioassay activities. However, the in vivo anti-thyroid activities of placental extracts were not correlated with any of the tested in vitro assays. Findings highlight the importance of comprehensively mapping the bio-logical effects of ?real-world? chemical mixtures present in human samples, through a battery of in vitro and in vivo bioassays. This approach should be a complementary tool for epidemiological studies to further elucidate the combined biological fingerprint triggered by chemical mixtures.European Commission 733032"Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional" (ISCIII/FEDER) CD17/00212Spanish Government FPU 16/03011Instituto de Salud Carlos III CD17/0021

Personas y cultura social innovadora: propuesta de un modelo explicativo

En la era de la innovación, el verdadero reto al que se enfrentan las economías basadas en el conocimiento radica en promover y alcanzar un cambio cultural que potencie e interiorice valores como la creatividad, la iniciativa personal, la asunción razonable de riesgos, la curiosidad o el emprendizaje. En el presente trabajo, tratamos de aproximarnos conceptualmente al término cultura social innovadora a través de un análisis a partir de las capacidades, valores y relaciones que hacen que personas, organizaciones y territorios adopten comportamientos más proclives hacia la innovación. De igual forma, centrando nuestra atención en el módulo de personas, elaboramos una propuesta concreta acerca de aquellos factores clave cuya presencia y despliegue determinaría, a nuestro juicio, el desarrollo secuencial del proceso de innovación, esto es, desde la fase de exploración hasta la etapa de la creación o socialización.In the innovation age, the real challenge that economy and society have to face consists in promoting and reaching a cultural change in order to encourage and internalize values such as creativity, individual initiative, taking reasonable risks, curiosity or entrepreneurship. In this work we attempt to get an approach of the concept of social innovation culture. To this aim we analyze values, capacities and relationships that allow persons, organizations and territories to develop a propensity to innovation. Taking into account just the group of persons, we also elaborate a specific proposal about those key factors that permit the gradual development of the innovation process, starting from the exploration phase to the creation of the newness and, finally, the phase of socialization of the innovation

Anthropometrical profile of elite Spanish judoka: comparative analysis among ages

Background and Study Aim: Judo athletes usually try to maximize muscle mass and to minimize adiposity in each weight category, but few studies focused on comparisons of different age categories and little is known about sexual dimorphism among judo athletes. The aim of the study was to compare anthropometrical variables in male and female judoka from Spanish National Teams.Material and Methods: Eighty-seven national level Spanish judoka from all seven weight categories took part in this study: females (n = 46) – cadet (n = 16), junior (n = 12) and senior (n = 18); males (n = 44) – cadet (n = 18), junior (n = 15) and senior (n = 8). Body mass, height, skinfold thickness, circumferences and breadth anthropometric measurements were carried out. Somatotype components, body mass index, body fat and muscle mass were also estimated. A two way (gender and age groups) analysis of variance and Tukey test were used to compare groups.Results: (1) males were heavier, taller, had lower body fat and higher muscle mass absolute and relative values, circumferences and bone diameters, lower endomorphic and higher mesomorphic components than females; (2) for skinfold thickness males presented lower values in limbs’ sites than females, but no difference was found in trunk skinfold thicknesses; (3) few differences were found among age categories, with cadets presenting smaller flexed arm circumference and humerus epicondyle bone breadth compared to junior and seniors, and lower absolute muscle mass compared to seniors; (4) tendency for reducing sexual dimorphism in some anthropological dimensions and in endomorphic and mesomorphic components was observed across age categories.Conclusions: Morphologically high level cadet judo athletes are quite similar to older athletes and coaches can select them from these ages. These data can be used as reference to coaches and physical conditioning professionals.This research was supported in 2010 by the Consejo Superior de Deportes, Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia [Higher Council of Sports, Ministry of Education and Culture] (reference 33/UPB10/10

Nurses’ Health Risk Perception on the Influence of Professional and Personal Time Management: A Cross-Sectional Descriptive Study

Occupational health risk selfperception among nurses is linked to professional time management and well-being. In contrast, most of the activities done during personal time seem to have a visibly low effect on the subjects. The importance of time management in nurses’ regular work shifts and the relevance of harmonizing personal and family life with each professional’s particular circumstances are highlighted

Perceptions of Heat Stress, Heat Strain and Mitigation Practices in Wildfire Suppression across Southern Europe and Latin America

This study aimed to assess current perceptions of heat stress, heat strain, acclimatisation and recovery practices in wildland fire suppression. A total of 1459 wildfire and structural firefighters, all involved in wildland fire suppression, completed an 18-question survey. Most participants (81.3%) reported heat strain as one of the main risks faced during wildland firefighting. Thermal strain is considered an important risk for health and safety in wildland firefighting. The best-valued heat strain mitigation strategies were those traditionally recommended in wildland fire suppression: (i) an adequate work/rest ratio (79.0%), (ii) acclimatisation (71.6%), (iii) enhancing body ventilation by opening protective clothing or removing helmets or gloves (63.5%), and (iv) drinking water and food supplementation (52.1%). Despite these results, only 22% of the participants reported carrying out acclimatisation in the workplace. The vast majority of the respondents (87.4%) consider active cooling strategies (i.e., ice slurry ingestion, ice vests, etc.) impractical in combating heat strain during wildfire suppression. We identified a gap between knowledge about heat strain, its mitigation strategies and the level of actual implementation of these practices in the workplace. Our results highlight the need to improve heat strain management and implement operational directives for acclimatisation and active cooling interventions