Effect of Topical Application of Dentol Drop on the Success of Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block for Teeth with Irreversible Pulpitis: A Double-blind Randomized Clinical Trial

Introduction: The failure rate of inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) block is high for mandibular molars with irreversible pulpitis. This double-blind, randomized, clinical trial aimed to assess the effect of topical application of Dentol drop on the rate of successful anaesthesia of mandibular molars with irreversible pulpitis due to deep carious lesions. Methods and Materials: Seventy-two patients with mandibular first and second molars with irreversible pulpitis and deep cavitated carious lesions participated in this study. The patients were randomly assigned to the test and control groups (n=36). In the test group, a cotton pellet, dipped in Dentol drop, was placed in the cavity for 10 min. A placebo was used _in the same manner_ in the control group. Level of pain was measured before the intervention, 15 min after anaesthesia (when patients reported numbness at the corner of the mouth), during access cavity preparation, upon pulp exposure and after introduction of the initial file into the root canal; using a Heft-Parker “Visual Analog Scale” (VAS). Data were analysed using ANCOVA. Results: Levels of pain were recorded during access cavity preparation (P<0.001), pulp exposure (P<0.001) and file introduction into the canal (P=0.018). In the test (Dentol) group, the obtained levels of pain were significantly lower than those of the corresponding values in the control group. Conclusion: Topical application of Dentol drop increased the success rate of IAN block for root canal treatment of mandibular molars with irreversible pulpitis.Keywords: Dentol Drop; Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block; Irreversible Pulpiti

A Randomized Triple-Blind Clinical Trial of the Effect of Low-Level Laser Therapy on Infiltration Injection Pain in the Anterior Maxilla

Objective: To evaluate the level of pain experienced during infiltration anesthesia of the anterior maxilla following low-level laser therapy (LLLT) with 810-980 nm wavelengths. Material and Methods: In the current triple-blind clinical trial, 84 patients received a total of 168 infiltration anesthesia injections (1.8 mL of 2% lidocaine plus 1:100,000 epinephrine) in the anterior maxilla. Each patient received two injections into the buccal mucosa of the right and left central incisors with a two-week interval. One injection was performed after LLLT, while the other injection was administered conventionally without laser. The pain level was measured immediately after injection using a visual analog scale (VAS). Results: There was a significant difference in the pain level experienced with and without LLLT, such that the mean pain score following LLLT was significantly lower than that without LLLT (p<0.05). No significant difference was found in the pain level between laser and no laser groups in males, but the difference in this regard was significant in females (p<0.05) and female patients experienced a significantly lower level of pain following LLLT. Conclusion: The low-level laser therapy can be successfully used to decrease the level of pain experienced during infiltration anesthesia of the anterior maxilla

The Effect of Gates-Glidden Drills on the Quality of Root Canal Treatment by Pre-Clinical Dental Students

AIM: This study was conducted to investigate the effect of applying Gates-Glidden (GG) drill by pre-clinical dental students on root canal treatment quality. METHOD: A total of 56 first molars consisting of 168 canals were selected in this study. For this purpose, 56 students who had been formerly trained by two methods of root canal preparation were randomly divided into two groups (n = 28). Group 1: the step-down method by GG and Group 2: step-back technique without GG. The prepared teeth were filled with gutta-percha/ZOE sealer using lateral condensation. Periapical radiographs were taken before and the following treatment to survey occurrence of preparation errors and CBCT images to determine residual dentine at furcation region. RESULTS: The findings showed that among 10 error types in specimens prepared by students, the occurrence of underfilling, overfilling, inappropriate, ledge formation, and single cone was more common without GG. There were no significant differences in residual dentine amount at furcation region between preparation with and without using GG (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Using GG for root canal preparation by dental students resulted in low errors and not an increased dentine removal risk

The Role of Nanomaterials in the Treatment of Diseases and Their Effects on the Immune System

Nanotechnology has been widely exploited in recent years in various applications. Different sectors of medicine and treatment have also focused on the use of nanoproducts. One of the areas of interest in the treatment measures is the interaction between nanomaterials and immune system components. Engineered nanomaterials can stimulate the inhibition or enhancement of immune responses and prevent the detection ability of the immune system. Changes in immune function, in addition to the benefits, may also lead to some damage. Therefore, adequate assessment of the novel nanomaterials seems to be necessary before practical use in treatment. However, there is little information on the toxicological and biological effects of nanomaterials, especially on the potential ways of contacting and handling nanomaterials in the body and the body response to these materials. Extensive variation and different properties of nanomaterials have made it much more difficult to access their toxicological effects to the present. The present study aims to raise knowledge about the potential benefits and risks of using the nanomaterials on the immune system to design and safely employ these compounds in therapeutic purposes

Applying the Taguchi Method to the Optimization of Anticancer Activity of Bacterial Alginate-CuO Bionanocomposite

AIM: In recent decades, despite various types of cancer inflicting many people worldwide, the existing therapies are not satisfactory and have many side effects. The present study was conducted to optimise the synthesis of novel alginate-CuO nanocomposite with utmost anticancer activity. METHODS: In this study, 9 nanocomposites were designed using Taguchi method and three factors including copper oxide nanoparticles, alginate biopolymer and stirring times were assessed at three different levels. The anticancer activity of the synthesised nanocomposites was evaluated on the MCF-7 cell line using the MTT method. Using the Qulitek-4 software, we determined the optimum conditions for the synthesis of alginate-CuO nanocomposite with the highest anticancer activity. RESULTS: The results indicated that all three factors (copper oxide, alginate and stirring time) were effective on the anticancer activity of the alginate-CuO nanocomposite. Also, the nanocomposite produced under the conditions of experiment 9 (8 mg/ml of copper oxide, 2 mg/ml of alginate and 60 min of stirring time) provided the highest growth inhibition rate as 75.63% against cancer cells. CONCLUSION: The synthesised alginate-copper oxide nanocomposites in this study showed a significant anticancer effect. Therefore, the synthesised nanocomposite under optimal conditions can be used in the design of new anticancer drugs

A Randomized Triple-Blind Clinical Trial of the Effect of Low-Level Laser Therapy on Infiltration Injection Pain in the Anterior Maxilla

Objective: To evaluate the level of pain experienced during infiltration anesthesia of the anterior maxilla following low-level laser therapy (LLLT) with 810-980 nm wavelengths. Material and Methods: In the current triple-blind clinical trial, 84 patients received a total of 168 infiltration anesthesia injections (1.8 mL of 2% lidocaine plus 1:100,000 epinephrine) in the anterior maxilla. Each patient received two injections into the buccal mucosa of the right and left central incisors with a two-week interval. One injection was performed after LLLT, while the other injection was administered conventionally without laser. The pain level was measured immediately after injection using a visual analog scale (VAS). Results: There was a significant difference in the pain level experienced with and without LLLT, such that the mean pain score following LLLT was significantly lower than that without LLLT (p<0.05). No significant difference was found in the pain level between laser and no laser groups in males, but the difference in this regard was significant in females (p<0.05) and female patients experienced a significantly lower level of pain following LLLT. Conclusion: The low-level laser therapy can be successfully used to decrease the level of pain experienced during infiltration anesthesia of the anterior maxilla

The global, regional, and national burden of adult lip, oral, and pharyngeal cancer in 204 countries and territories:A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Importance Lip, oral, and pharyngeal cancers are important contributors to cancer burden worldwide, and a comprehensive evaluation of their burden globally, regionally, and nationally is crucial for effective policy planning.Objective To analyze the total and risk-attributable burden of lip and oral cavity cancer (LOC) and other pharyngeal cancer (OPC) for 204 countries and territories and by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) using 2019 Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors (GBD) Study estimates.Evidence Review The incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) due to LOC and OPC from 1990 to 2019 were estimated using GBD 2019 methods. The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate the proportion of deaths and DALYs for LOC and OPC attributable to smoking, tobacco, and alcohol consumption in 2019.Findings In 2019, 370 000 (95% uncertainty interval [UI], 338 000-401 000) cases and 199 000 (95% UI, 181 000-217 000) deaths for LOC and 167 000 (95% UI, 153 000-180 000) cases and 114 000 (95% UI, 103 000-126 000) deaths for OPC were estimated to occur globally, contributing 5.5 million (95% UI, 5.0-6.0 million) and 3.2 million (95% UI, 2.9-3.6 million) DALYs, respectively. From 1990 to 2019, low-middle and low SDI regions consistently showed the highest age-standardized mortality rates due to LOC and OPC, while the high SDI strata exhibited age-standardized incidence rates decreasing for LOC and increasing for OPC. Globally in 2019, smoking had the greatest contribution to risk-attributable OPC deaths for both sexes (55.8% [95% UI, 49.2%-62.0%] of all OPC deaths in male individuals and 17.4% [95% UI, 13.8%-21.2%] of all OPC deaths in female individuals). Smoking and alcohol both contributed to substantial LOC deaths globally among male individuals (42.3% [95% UI, 35.2%-48.6%] and 40.2% [95% UI, 33.3%-46.8%] of all risk-attributable cancer deaths, respectively), while chewing tobacco contributed to the greatest attributable LOC deaths among female individuals (27.6% [95% UI, 21.5%-33.8%]), driven by high risk-attributable burden in South and Southeast Asia.Conclusions and Relevance In this systematic analysis, disparities in LOC and OPC burden existed across the SDI spectrum, and a considerable percentage of burden was attributable to tobacco and alcohol use. These estimates can contribute to an understanding of the distribution and disparities in LOC and OPC burden globally and support cancer control planning efforts

Magnetic properties of Ni- and Fe-clusters on insulating surfaces - an FMR study

## Inhaltsverzeichnis: Titel, Gutachter, Danksagung Kurzfassung Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung 2 Theoretische Grundlagen 3 Experimentelles 4 Strukturelle und morphologische Daten 5 FMR von Ni/Al2O3(11-20) 6 FMR von Fe/Al2O3(0001)(√31×√31)R±9° 7 FMR von Fe/Al2O3(0001)(1×1) 8 FMR von Ni/Al2O3(0001)(√31×√31)R±9° 9 Zusammenfassung LiteraturDie magnetischen Eigenschaften der Ni- und Fe-Cluster auf Saphir und die Korrelation mit deren geometrischen Strukturen sind der Schwerpunkt der vorliegenden Arbeit. Um diesen Zusammenhang herzustellen, wurde neben den magnetischen Eigenschaften, die mit Hilfe von ferromagnetischen Resonanz- Experimenten untersucht wurden, auch die geometrische Struktur der Deponate mit Hilfe von AFM-Messungen unter UHV-Bedingung und ex-situ SEM-Messungen für Ni-Proben untersucht. Im System Ni auf Al2O3(11-20) findet man oberhalb einer bestimmten Schichtdicke ein schmales ferromagnetisches Resonanzsignal. Die Analyse der Linienbreite zeigt, daß es sich dabei um einen magnetisch gut geordneten, zweidimensionalen Film handelt. Dieser Film ist durch eine große uniaxiale out-of-plane-Anisotropie charakterisiert, wobei die leichte Achse der Magnetisierung in der Filmebene liegt. Als Ursache für die starke Anisotropie kann eine substratinduzierte Anisotropie aufgrund der Gitterfehlanpassung zwischen Ni und der Substrat-Oberfläche genannt werden. Das Tempern führt zum Aufbrechen des Films und zur Bildung von großen Clustern in der Größenordnung von 50 bis 100 nm. Die Cluster-Bildung führt zu einer Zunahme der FMR-Linienbreite, die als Einfluß der Cluster verschiedener Größe und Form verstanden wird. Zusätzlich wird eine Abnahme des gemessenen effektiven Anisotropiefeldes beobachtet. Kühlt man die Probe ab, so wird eine Reorientierung der Magnetisierung von einer parallelen zu einer senkrechten Ausrichtung zur Substratebene beobachtet. Dieser Spin-Reorientierungsübergang läßt sich durch eine Konkurrenz zwischen der Form-Anisotropie und der magnetokristallinen Anisotropie erklären. Neben etwas dickeren Filmen und großen Clustern wurden auch kleine Cluster im Bereich einiger weniger Å nomineller Schichtdicke untersucht. Die AFM-Messungen von Ni auf der rekonstruierten Al2O3(0001)-Oberfläche zeigen ein dreidimensionales Wachstum. Nach dem Tempern findet man eine Zunahme der FMR-Intensität. Diese hat zwei Gründe: Der eine ist die Koaleszenz der Teilchen. Die kleinen Partikel, die aufgrund ihres ausgeprägten, superparamagnetischen Charakters wenig zur Signalintensität beitragen, existieren nach dem Tempern nicht mehr in der Häufigkeit, sondern sind mit größeren Teilchen verschmolzen, die einen stärkeren ferromagnetischen Charakter erhalten. Der andere Grund ist die Kristallisation der Teilchen: Die Atome nehmen ihre Gitterplätze ein. Das hat zur Folge, daß die atomaren magnetischen Momente eines Teilchens effektiver aneinander gekoppelt sind und damit das magnetische Moment des Teilchens steigt. Diese Interpretation läßt sich in einem direkten Vergleich mit den morphologischen Ergebnissen aus den AFM-Messungen für Ni bestätigen. Die Temperaturabhängigkeit des magnetischen Moments eines Ensembles der Ni- Teilchen auf einer Saphir-Oberfläche weist ein Curie-artiges Verhalten auf, wobei die Curie-Temperatur der Teilchen von der Teilchengröße abhängt. Die Curie-Temperatur der Ni-Teilchen ist deutlich niedriger als die im Volumen und höher als die der Ni-Filme vergleichbarer Schichtdicke, was aufgrund der mittleren Koordinationszahl in den jeweiligen Systemen verstanden werden kann. Die Temperaturabhängigkeit des magnetischen Moments eines Ensembles kleiner Fe-Teilchen auf der Al2O3(0001)-Oberfläche zeigt im Gegensatz zu Ni ein Langevin-artiges Verhalten, das sich anhand eines Modells thermisch aktivierter Fluktuation des magnetischen Moments (superparamagnetischer Effekt) erklären läßt.The magnetic properties and the correlation between the magnetic and geometric structures of Ni and Fe clusters on sapphire were studied. The magnetic properties were investigated by ferromagnetic resonance under UHV conditions, and the geometrical structures were conducted for Ni samples by AFM experiments under UHV conditions and ex-situ SEM experiments. The system of high coverage of Ni on Al2O3(11-20) shows a narrow ferromagnetic resonance signal due to a magnetic well ordered two-dimensional film. This film is characterized by a strong uniaxial out-of-plane anisotropy which aligns the magnetisation parallel to the substrate. The origin of this strong anisotropy is a substrate induced anisotropy due to the misfit between Ni and the surface of the substrate. After annealing the film breaks up and forms large clusters in the range of 50 - 100 nm, causing an increase in the FMR linewidth which can be understood as the influence of clusters with different sizes and shapes. Concurrently, we observe a decrease of effective anisotropy. Cooling of this system leads to a reorientation of magnetisation from the parallel to the perpendicular direction relative to the substrate. This spin reorientation transition is due to the balance of shape anisotropy which favours a magnetisation parallel to the substrate and the magnetocrystalline anisotropy which favours in this case a magnetisation perpendicular to the substrate. Additionally, we investigated the small cluster in the range of a few Å nominal coverage. AFM measurements performed on Ni on Al2O3(0001)(√31×√31)R±9° revealed a three-dimensional growth mode. After annealing the FMR intensity increased, due to coalescence and crystallisation of clusters. The coalesced clusters were larger as compared to clusters in the non-annealed sample. Larger clusters show a smaller superparamagnetic effect. This leads to an increase of the intensity. The crystalline structure of clusters showed the formation of ordered, low index surfaces with relatively high packing density compared with the non-annealed sample. This causes a more effective ferromagnetic coupling of the atoms in the cluster and an increase of the magnetic moment of the cluster. This interpretation was confirmed by AFM measurements of Ni. A splitting of the FMR signal was observed after annealing, which was interpreted as the influence of the magnetocrystalline anisotropy. The temperature dependence of the magnetic moment of an ensemble of small Ni clusters on sapphire shows a Curie-like behaviour. The Curie temperature of clusters depends on the cluster size and is lower than the Curie temperature of Ni in the bulk and higher than the Curie temperature of Ni thin films of comparable coverage. This can be understood by a model which connects the Curie temperature with the average coordination number. In contrast to Ni, the temperature dependence of the magnetic moment of an ensemble of small Fe clusters on reconstructed Al2O3(0001)(√31×√31)R±9° exhibit a Langevin-like behaviour. This can be interpreted by a model based on the thermal fluctuation of the magnetic moment of small single domain clusters (superparamagnetic effect)

Phylogenetic analysis among some pome fruit trees of Rosaceae family using RAPD markers

To evaluate the phylogenetic relationships among subtribe Pyrinae of Rosaceae, 50 different genotypes and cultivars of pome fruit trees were collected from various locations in Iran, and analysed using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Altogether, 85 polymorphic fragments were produced by 11 random 10-mer primers. The number of produced bands varied from 4 to 12 for each primer, 7.72 on average. The lowest Jaccard's genetic similarity coefficient was scored between apple cv. ‘Akan’ and a wild Pyrus syriaca pear (0.04), and the highest similarity was observed between two genotypes of P. syriaca (0.97). Cluster analysis using the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) properly separated the accessions and divided them into three major groups, including Malus, Pyrus, Mespilus and Crataegus. Members of Mespilus and Crataegus were further separated and formed two subgroups. Analysis of the genetic structure, using STRUCTURE and phylogenetic relationship using TreeView software confirmed the results of the UPGMA dendrogram and properly distinguished different genera. Among different genera studied in our experiment, Malus was the most distinct one and showed high genetic distance from other genera. Generally, the results from the present study provide valuable information about the genetic relationship among important pome fruit trees in Iran and indicate that, although Mespilus is genetically close to the Crataegus genus, it has relatively high similarity with Pyrus and Malus. Moreover, outcomes of this research confirmed that RAPD molecular markers are an appropriate means for evaluation of the genetic relationship among various genera of pome fruit trees