Performance of microstrip patch antenna for single and array element with and without EBG

In this paper, a compact single patch antenna and microstrip array antenna with EBG structures at 6 GHzhave been compained. A surface wave effect is often considered undesirable, since it increased the side lobes, and decreased the antenna gain and effeciency. This problem can be solved by utilizing EBG to suppress of such waves. Above the antenna substrate, the mushroom-like EBG were proposed. The side lobes have been improved from −6.8 dB to −16.5 dB, and better directivity was achieved from 5.77 dBi to 10 dBi and the efficiency improved from (80%) to 95% by using EBG with rectangular antenna. Additionally, the array antenna radiation pattern with EBG was improved to −23.5 dB, and the directivity and effeciency have been improved to 14.3 dBi and to 91.5 respctively. These antenna structures have a great eventuality for use in C band application

Radiation pattern control of microstrip antenna in elevation and azimuth planes using EBG and pin diode.

An important issue in wireless communication systems, which is related to the antenna gain degradation in case of changing the main direction of the antenna radiation pattern, this variation is not approval in many communications systems. In order to improve antenna radiation performances, Electromagnetic band gap (EBG) - antenna with radiation pattern control capability is presented. Mushroom-like EBG structure for suppressing surface waves has been combined, with the switching diode to produce the radiation pattern control with improving antenna characteristics of gain, directivity and efficiency. EBG of several cells are surrounded the patch antenna and placed symmetrically for the two opposite sides, generating different radiation patterns control ability in both the elevation (E) (-20° < φ < 20°) and azimuth (Z) planes (−18° < θ < 18°). At the ground plane of antenna the diodes have been switched ON and OFF states, the EBG sector properties in stop band (connecting vias) and pass band (disconnecting vias) are altered. Using CST Microwave Studio (CST MWS) the results show the flexibility in radiation pattern control for the Z and E planes using only four diodes. Antenna directivity of 10 dBi, gain 9.86 dB and efficiency 96.5% at the operating frequency of 6 GHz, more results for all direction has been stated in Table1. Significantly, unlike a conventional beam steering, this method does not suffering from gain degradation and the main lobe gain is approximately constant for all steerig angles

Radiation beam scanning for leaky wave antenna by using slots

This paper provides an insight of a new, microstrip leaky wave antenna. It holds the ability to continue steer its beam at a swapping frequency. This is done with acceptable impedance matching while scanning and very little gain variation. Investigation is carried out on LWAs’ control radiation pattern in steps at a band frequency via vertical and horizontal slots. The enhancement is realized by etching horizontal and vertical slots on the radiation element. This study also presents a novel half-width microstrip leaky wave antenna (LWA). The antenna is made up of the following basic structures group’s vertical and horizontal slots. The reactance profile at the microstrip’s free edge and thus the main beam direction is changed once the control-cell states are changed. The radiation pattern direction changes by sweeping the operating frequency between 4 GHz to 6 GHz.The main beam may be directed by the antenna between 15o and 55o. C band achieved the measured peak gain of the antenna of 10 dBi at 4.3 GHz beam scanning range

Development modeling methods of analysis and synthesis of fingerprint deformations images

The current study is to develop modeling methods, Analysis and synthesis of fingerprints deformations images and their application in problems of automatic fingerprint identification. In the introduction justified urgency of the problem, is given a brief description of thematic publications. In this study will review of modern technologies of biometric technologies and methods of biometric identification, the review of fingerprint identification systems, investigate for distorting factors. The influence of deformations is singled out, the causes of deformation of fingerprints are analyzed. The review of modern ways of the account and modeling of deformations in problems of automatic fingerprint identification is given. The scientific novelty of the work is the development of information technologies for the analysis and synthesis of deformations of fingerprint images. The practical value of the work in the application of the developed methods, algorithms and information technologies in fingerprints identification systems. In addition, it has been found that our paper "devoted to research methods and synthesis of the fingerprint deformations" is a more appropriate choice than other papers

Control Radiation Pattern for Half Width Microstrip Leaky Wave Antenna by Using PIN Diodes

In this paper, a novel design for single-layer half width microstrip leakywave antenna (HW-MLWA) is demonstrated. This model can be digitally control its radiation pattern at operation frequency and uses only two values of the bias voltage, with better impedance matching and insignificant gain variation. The scanning and controlling the radiation pattern of leaky-wave antennas (LWA) in steps at an operation frequency, by using switches PIN diodes, is investigated and a novel HW-MLWA is introduced. A control cell reconfigurable, that can be switched between two states, is the basic element of the antenna. The periodic LWA is molded by identical control cells where as a control radiation pattern is developed by combining numerous reconfigurable control cells. A gap capacitor is independently connected or disconnected in every unit cell by using a PIN diode switch to achieve fixedfrequency control radiation pattern scanning. The profile reactance at the free edge of (HW-MLWA) and thus the main lobe direction is altered by changing the states of the control cell. The antenna presented in this paper, can scan main beam between 18o to 44o at fixed frequency of 4.2 GHz with measured peak gain of 12.29 dBi

Review on fixed-frequency beam steering for leaky wave antenna

This paper aims to survey the efforts of researchers in response to the novel and effective technology of control radiation pattern at a fixed frequency for leaky wave antenna (LWA), map the research landscape from the literature onto coherent taxonomy and determine the basic properties of this potential field. In addition, this paper investigates the motivation behind using beam steering in LWA and the open challenges that impede the utility of this antenna design. This paper offers valuable recommendations to improve beam steering in LWA. The review revealed the development and improvement of several techniques of beam scanning LWA. However, several areas or aspects require further attention. All the articles, regardless of their research focus, attempt to address the challenges that impede the full utility of beam scanning and offer recommendations to mitigate their drawbacks. This paper contributes to this area of research by providing a detailed review of the available options and problems to allow other researchers and participants to further develop beam scanning. The new directions for this research are also described

Energy-efficient user association mechanism enabling fully hybrid spectrum sharing among multiple 5G cellular operators

Spectrum sharing (SS) is a promising solution to enhance spectrum utilization in future cellular systems. Reducing the energy consumption in cellular networks has recently earned tremendous attention from diverse stakeholders (i.e., vendors, mobile network operators (MNOs), and government) to decrease the CO2 emissions and thus introducing an environment-friendly wireless communication. Therefore, in this paper, joint energy-efficient user association (UA) mechanism and fully hybrid spectrum sharing (EE-FHSS) approach is proposed considering the quality of experience QoE (i.e., data rate) as the main constraint. In this approach, the spectrum available in the high and low frequencies (28 and 73 GHz) is sliced into three portions (licensed, semi-shared, and fully-shared) aims to serve the users (UEs) that belong to four operators in an integrated and hybrid manner. The performance of the proposed QoE-Based EE UA-FHSS is compared with the well-known maximum signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (max-SINR UA-FHSS). Numerical results show that remarkable enhancement in terms of EE for the four participating operators can be achieved while maintaining a high degree of QoE to the UEs

Impact of Gouy-Chapman-Stern model on conventional ISFET sensitivity and stability

Utilizing Gouy-Chapman-Stern model can improve ISFET sensitivity and stability using Stern layer in direct contact with electrolyte in ISFET sensing window. However, this model remains a challenge in mathematical way, unless it’s re-applied using accurate simulation approaches. Here, we developed an approach using a commercial Silvaco TCAD to re-apply Gouy-Chapman-Stern model as ISFET sensing membrane to investigate its impact on sensitivity and stability of conventional ISFET. Sio2 material and high-k Ta2O5 material have been examined based on Gouy-Chapman and Gouy-Chapman-Stern models. Results shows that the ISFET sensitivity of SiO2 sensing membrane is improved from ~38 mV/pH to ~51 mV/pH and the VTH shift stability is also improved. Additionally, the results indicate that the sensitivity of Ta2O5 is 59.03 mV/pH that hit the Nearnst Limit 59.3 mV/pH and achieves good agreements with mathematical model and previous experimental results. In conclusion, this investigation introduces a real validation of previous mathematical models using commercial TCAD approach rather than expensive fabrication that paves the way for further analysis and optimization

Performance analysis of high-k materials as stern layer in ion-sensitive field effect transistor using commercial TCAD

High-k materials as a STERN Layer for Ion-Sensitive-Field-Effect-Transistor (ISFET) have improved ISFET sensitivity and stability. These materials decrease leakage current and increase capacitance of the ISFET gate toward highest current sensitivity. So far, many high-k materials have been utilized for ISFET, yet they were examined individually, or using numerical solutions rather than using integrated TCAD environment. Exploiting TCAD environment leads to extract ISFET equivalent circuit parameters and performs full analysis for both device and circuit. In this study we introduce a comprehensive investigation of different high-k material, Tio2, Ta2O5, ZrO2, Al2O3, HfO2 and Si3N4 as well as normal silicon dioxide and their effects on ISFET sensitivity and stability. This was implemented by developing commercial Silvaco TCAD rather than expensive real fabrication. The results confirm that employing high-k materials in ISFET outperform normal silicon dioxide in terms of sensitivity and stability. Further analysis revealed that Titanium dioxide showed the highest sensitivity followed by two groups HfO2, Ta2O5 and ZrO2, Al2O3 respectively. Another notable exception of Si3N4 that is less than other materials, but still have higher sensitivity than normal silicon dioxide. We believe that this study opens new directions for further analysis and optimization prior to the real cost-ineffective fabrication

Hybrid multi-independent mmWave MNOs assessment utilising spectrum sharing paradigm for 5G networks

Spectrum sharing paradigm (SSP) has recently emerged as an attractive solution to provide capital expenditure (CapEx) and operating expenditure (OpEx) savings and to enhance spectrum utilization (SU). However, practical issues concerning the implementation of such paradigm are rarely addressed (e.g., mutual interference, fairness, and mmWave base station density). Therefore, in this paper, we proposed ultra-reliable and proportionally fair hybrid spectrum sharing access strategy that aims to address the aforementioned aspects as a function of coverage probability (CP), average rate distributions (ARD), and the number of mmWave base stations (mBSs). In this strategy, the spectrum is sliced into three parts (exclusive, semi-pooled, and fully pooled). A typical user that belongs to certain operator has the right to occupy a part of the spectrum available in the high and low frequencies (28 and 73 GHz) based on an adaptive multi-state mmWave cell selection scheme (AMMC-S) which associates the user with the tagged mBS that offers a highest SINR to maintain more reliable connection and enrich the user experience. Numerical results show that significant improvement in terms of ARD, CP, fairness among operators, and maintain an acceptable level of mBSs density