Release of Soluble Receptors for Tumor Necrosis Factor in Clinical Sepsis and Experimental Endotoxemia

To assess the role of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in the appearance of soluble TNF receptors (sTNFRs), 20 consecutive patients with a clinical diagnosis of sepsis were studied as were 7 chimpanzees after administration of endotoxin (4 ng/kg) with or without pentoxifylline. The patients had markedly elevated serum levels of sTNFR-p55 and sTNFR-p75 compared with healthy controls (P < .0001 for both receptors). The levels of both soluble receptors correlated with simultaneously measured immunoreactive TNF concentrations (p55: r = .63, P < .01; p75: r = .69, P < .001). In the chimpanzees, endotoxin induced subsequent rises in the serum concentrations ofTNF and sTNFRs. Although pentoxifylline reduced the TNF response to intravenous endotoxin to 20% (P < .05), the appearance of sTNFRs was only moderately inhibited (sTNFR-p55 to 79% on average, P < .05; sTNFR-p75 to 77%, P = .12). These results indicate that TNF either does not play an important role in the appearance of sTNFRs in systemic infection or that a small amount ofTNF remaining in the circulation after some bacterial challenges is sufficient to preserve the secretion of its soluble receptor

Parent and child agreement for acute stress disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder and other psychopathology in a prospective study of children and adolescents exposed to single-event trauma

Examining parent-child agreement for Acute Stress Disorder (ASD) and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in children and adolescents is essential for informing the assessment of trauma-exposed children, yet no studies have examined this relationship using appropriate statistical techniques. Parent-child agreement for these disorders was examined by structured interview in a prospective study of assault and motor vehicle accident (MVA) child survivors, assessed at 2-4 weeks and 6 months post-trauma. Children were significantly more likely to meet criteria for ASD, as well as other ASD and PTSD symptom clusters, based on their own report than on their parent's report. Parent-child agreement for ASD was poor (Cohen's κ = -.04), but fair for PTSD (Cohen's κ = .21). Agreement ranged widely for other emotional disorders (Cohen's κ = -.07-.64), with generalised anxiety disorder found to have superior parent-child agreement (when assessed by phi coefficients) relative to ASD and PTSD. The findings support the need to directly interview children and adolescents, particularly for the early screening of posttraumatic stress, and suggest that other anxiety disorders may have a clearer presentation post-trauma

Pupilinfluence in the classroom : This is a study about how third graders perceive their possibilities to influence.

Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka hur elever i årskurs tre, på två skolor i Sverige, uppfattar sin möjlighet till elevinflytande i klassrummet. Vi ska undersöka hur mycket elevinflytande de upplever att de har på undervisningssituationen och arbetssättet. Vi ska också undersöka vilken uppfattning lärarna har om elevinflytande och hur mycket inflytande de ger eleverna i dessa klasser. Med elevinflytandet avses inflytande i planering och genomförande av undervisningen. Målet är att ta reda på om elever och lärare har en likartad syn på vad elevinflytande är. Vår undersökningsmetod består av intervjuer med lärare och enkätundersökning med eleverna. Vi intervjuade fem klasslärare och delade ut enkäten till dessa fem klasser, 93 elever. Resultatet visar att eleverna upplever att det finns inslag av elevinflytande i klassrummet men att de inte kan påverka hur schemat ser ut. Det som eleverna upplever styrks av lärarna när vi intervjuade dem. Lärarna poängterar att elevinflytandet finns med vid praktiska beslut om arbetssätt och redovisningsform, men inte i planeringsstadiet av undervisningen eller hur schemat ska se ut. Lärarna menar att de äger frågan Vad? som undervisningen ska bestå av utifrån kursplanerna och eleverna får vara med och bestämma När? och Hur

De Wet op de orgaandonatie: veranderingen bij het verwerven van organen en weefsels voor transplantatie.

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