Understanding the basic concepts of knowledge sharing in organization

Knowledge sharing is the most vital activities in knowledge management processes. Many organization members are still not realize the importance of sharing their knowledge. The perceptions on the knowledge management are varies but the main intention is; when knowledge is created in organization, it is need to be share and capture the knowledge itself. This paper attempts to give a basic understanding about knowledge sharing types, barriers, and factors that will affect organizational learning performance. The idea and illustration graph adapted from previous literature's in order to make a comprehensive overview about the topic discussed

Somatic Embryogenesis From Immature Male Flowers Of Banana (Musa Spp. Cv. Rastali)

This study was carried out with the main objective of establishing a plant regeneration system through somatic embryogenesis in Musa spp cv. Rastali. The study included induction of embryogenic callus and somatic embryos from immature male flowers, initiation of cell suspension cultures from the embryogenic callus and somatic embryos, proliferation of somatic embryos from the embryogenic cell suspension followed by embryo maturation and germination. In the study on embryogenic callus induction from immature male flowers of banana cv. Rastali, the effect of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and different flower cluster positions on the embryogenic callus formation was determined. Various concentrations of 2,4-D (0, 1, 2 and 4 mg/L) were incorporated into M1 medium consisting of MS medium, 1 mg/L IAA, 1mg/L NAA, 30 g/L sucrose and 7 g/L agarose. The levels of 2,4-D affected the embryogenic callus initiation and somatic embryo formation in cv. Rastali. The highest percentage of embryogenic callus formation (53.9 %) was obtained on treatment with 2 mg/L 2,4-D in cv. Rastali for all flower cluster positions assessed. The effect of flower cluster positions on percentage of embryogenic callus formation showed the highest percentage (48.4 %) was from flower cluster position 8 in cv. Rastali. Interaction between the different flower cluster positions and 2,4-D concentrations produced the highest percentage of embryogenic callus formation (83.8 %) from flower cluster position 8 on treatment with 2 mg/L 2,4-D in cv. Rastali. After six months on the callus induction medium, calli varying from yellowish, creamy to white were formed. A positive embryogenic response was shown by the appearance of individual somatic embryos amongst the callus produced on 2 and 4 mg/L 2,4-D and this indicated an ideal callus. The initial phase of cell suspension establishment comprised of a mixture of cell aggregates and heterogenous cells that varied from embryogenic cells, nonembryogenic cells and elongated cells. The suspension cultures were refreshed monthly to improve the suspension quality and to obtain homogeneous embryogenic cell cultures. After a duration of one month, with agitation of the suspension culture, attached embryogenic cells broke free from the cell aggregates. Cells stained with fluorescein diacetate (FDA) fluoresced bright green when observed under a microscope with UV attachment indicating the cells were viable. It offers a quick visual assessment on percentage of cell viability. Meanwhile, Evan’s blue staining was also used to check the cell viability to complement the FDA assesment. When cells were treated with dilute (0.025 %) solution of Evan’s blue, intact and viable cells remained unstained whilst damaged cells took up the stain. The growth of suspended cells in S1 and S2 media over five subcultures showed a sporadic pattern. S1 medium consisted of half strength MS macronutrients, MS micronutrients, Dhed’a Vitamins, 10 mg/L ascorbic acid, 1.1 mg/L 2,4-D, 0.25 mg/L zeatin and 20 g/L sucrose, while S2 medium consisted of MS medium, 1 mg/L biotin, 1 mg/L 2,4-D, 99 mg/L glutamine, 100 mg/L malt extract (Sigma) and 44 mg/L sucrose. Cell growth was determined by counting cells using a haemocytometer. Highest cell count of 77 per ml was attained at subculture 2 in S2 medium while in S1 medium cells reached their highest growth rate of 75 per ml at subculture 5. Microscopic observation of the cell suspension in liquid S1 medium at the third subculture showed cells with small, distinct and voluminous nucleus as well as dense cytoplasm. In the meantime, closely attached cells with compact cytoplasm; mainly composed of embryogenic cells were observed in liquid S2 medium before sieving at the second subculture. Sieving out the elongated and vacuolated cells generated uniform and single meristematic cells in the medium, producing embryogenic cell suspensions that were less heterogeneous. After three months, with sieving and subculture, Musa sp. cv. Rastali produced a very fine, light yellow embryogenic suspension culture most suitable for embryo maturation and germination study. In the final stage after the fifth subculture, the embryogenic cell suspensions were transferred into MS liquid medium without hormone and showed formation of globular somatic embryos. Within one month after placing 1 mL of embryogenic cell suspension (ECS) onto a filter paper placed on M3 medium containing SH salts, MS vitamins, 1 mg/L biotin, 0.05 mg/L zeatin, 0.1 mg/L kinetin, 45 g/L sucrose, 10 g/L lactose, 100 mg/L glutamine, 230 mg/L proline, 0.2 mg/L NAA, 0.14 mg/L 2iP, 100 mg/L malt extract and 3 g/L phytagel, clusters of smooth globular to polar shaped somatic embryos creamy white in colour appeared. Such clusters of globular somatic embryos with hyaline protuberances formed many cell lines that allowed the selection of high quality lines. The creamy-like globular structures were transferred in clumps onto M4 germination medium consisting of MS macronutrients, MS micronutrients, MS Fe EDTA, Morel and Wetmore modified vitamin, 0.2 mg/L IAA, 30 g/L sucrose, 2 g/L phytagel and supplemented with different concentrations of BAP (0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.5 and 2.0 mg/L). After a duration of two months on the M4 germination medium, radicles and hairy roots emerged from the somatic embryos. A month later, development of the whitish radicles from the globular somatic embryos became prominent followed by the formation of greenish plumules. The radicles elongated into roots and the greenish plumules developed into shoots. Treatment with 0.5 mg/L BAP gave the highest regeneration percentage of 8.9 % compared to the control at 2.3 %. BAP concentrations of more than 0.5 mg/L resulted in stunted growth of plantlets and a decrease in the regeneration percentage. Plantlets obtained were transferred to hormone-free MS medium and placed in light condition for formation of chloroplasts and further growth of the shoots and roots. Histological study clearly showed the shoot and root development from somatic embryos of Musa sp. cv. Rastali. The shoot arised from in between the leaf primordia that were attached to the mother tissue. The shoot apex arrangement could be clearly seen through lateral section of the same specimen. The root portion was easily detached during sectioning nevertheless it was clearly evident in a separate histological section. The presence of shoot and root poles in the histological observation confirmed the bipolar nature of the somatic embryos

Performance Of Oil Palm (Elaeis Guineensis Jacq.) Dxp Progenies From Different Agencies Under Various Planting Densities

Fifteen dura x pisifera (DxP) bi-parental crosses from six Malaysian seed producers (agencies) were studied for yield, bunch quality, vegetative characters and physiological traits in four planting densities. Analysis of variance indicated significant differences among the fifteen progenies that were obtained from six agencies and planted under four planting densities. However, all the progenies and agencies were considered responding similarly across planting densities for all the 34 traits studied by showing no significant difference in genotype x planting density interaction, pooled over years. Broad-sense heritability estimates (h2B) using intra-class correlation varied between 13.3% and 47.6%. Generally, the genetic variations and heritability estimates were low, which may restrict further improvements of the parental stocks. On the other hand, uniform performance for yield is advantageous in commercial plantings. The difference in yield among progenies and among agencies reflected the different genetic background and selection pressure. The low genetic variability could be due to the narrow genetic base. The fresh fruit bunch (FFB) yield of the six agencies ranged from 18.41 to 21.46 t/ha/yr. The highest FFB yield in agency A2 was attributed to its high bunch number (BNO). Oil to bunch (O/B) varied from 25.93 to 28.21% with the latter extreme observed in agency A1. Heights (HT) of the 21-year old palms were between 8.97m and 10.02m with the height increment of between 47cm and 53cm among agencies, while the HT among densities were between 8.73m and 10.43m with the height increment of between 46cm (density D1) and 55cm (density D4). Agencies A1 and A6 had the lowest HT increment reflecting the dumpy ancestry. Oil yield (OY), which ranged from 5.11 t/ha/yr to 6.03 t/ha/yr was highest in agency A2, due its high FFB. Bunch index (BI) ranged between 0.39 and 0.43 with agency A2 was the highest. Agency A2 produced the best total economic product (TEP) at 6.93 t/ha/yr. Minimum TEP of 5.80 t/ha/yr was produced by agency A3. Density D2 (148 palms/ha) recorded the highest FFB and OY with 21.74 and 6.0 t/ha/yr, respectively. Densities D3 (170 palms/ha), D4 (215 palms/ha) and D1 (120 palms/ha) was the second, third and fourth (lowest) respectively, in FFB and OY productions. Density 2 (148 palms/ha) was the ideal planting density for maximum oil yield per unit land area. This density (148 palms/ha) is the current planting density used in commercial oil palm cultivation on inland soil

Modeling Of Flow Characteristics In A Pump Sump Physical Model Using Computational Fluid Dynamics [QA911. R392 2007 f rb].

Kajian ini dijalankan bagi memodelkan ciri-ciri aliran dalam model fizikal takungan pam menggunakan Dinamik Bendalir Berkomputer (CFD) melalui kod FLUENTTM 6.2. Prosedur atau tatacara ujikaji melibatkan cerapan data mengunakan meter halaju , meter aliran, dan meter pusaran (Rotometer / Vortimeter). This study attempts to model the flow characteristic in a pump sump physical model by using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) code FLUENTTM 6.2. The experimental procedures include the data collection using a velocity meter, flow meter and swirl meter (Rotometer / Vortimeter)

Thermal Conductivity of Crumb Rubber as Partial Sand Replacement and Recycled Aggregates as Partial Coarse Aggregate Replacement in Concrete

Disposal of waste tire rubber has become a major environmental issue worldwide and is increasing day by day, especially in Malaysia where carbon emission is among the highest in the world. Therefore, recycled waste materials are being used as construction materials in order to create new innovative products that are able to mitigate environmental pollution, reduce the cost of construction and improve the properties of concrete. This study discusses the utilisation of crumb rubber and recycled aggregates in concrete construction and the objective of this study is to determine the thermal conductivity of crumb rubber and compare the optimum strength of concrete materials. 12 cube samples measuring 200 200 100 mm containing different percentages of crumb rubber (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5%) as fine aggregate substitute and 50% of recycled aggregates as coarse aggregate substitute were produced. The concrete grade used for these specimens is grade 35. The curing process was conducted on the samples to achieve the standard strength of concrete in 7 and 28 days. Therefore, the real strength of concrete was measured after the curing process. A slump test was conducted to determine the properties of crumb rubber. In addition, the samples were examined using the guarded hot box method to obtain the optimum percentage of crumb rubber as partial sand replacement in concrete for thermal conductivity. The results show that thermal conductivity (k-value) decreased slightly with the increase in crumb rubber content. However, the quality of concrete also slightly increased as the percentage of crumb rubber content increased. Lastly, based on the results, 5% of crumb rubber and 50% of recycled aggregates were suggested as the optimum percentages to be used in concrete as it achieved the lowest thermal conductivity compared to conventional concrete

Kontrak tukaran matawang asing melalui internet: Satu tinjauan hukum

Foreign currency exchange contracts or foreign exchange (forex) began to arise when there is an international trade transaction involves two countries using different currencies. The legal assessment of the said issue should apply methods of interpretation and understanding of the terms to be applied in the contract.Terms such as leverage, hedging (hedging) and swap are thoroughly evaluated based on a practical modus operandi allowing for the precise legal assessment.This article discusses the contractual issues and modus operandi of foreign currency transactions and its application from the practical aspects using the Internet.Discussion on the legal assessment is based on the Islamic law of transactions on applied type of contract ('akad), the use of hedging and leverage in foreign exchange contracts via the Internet

Insulin and Insulin-like Growth Factor signalling (IGF) pathways and cancer / Wan Iryani Wan Ismail, Mohd Nazri Abu, Muhammad Ashraf Mohd Salleh, Izmil Haikal Zainol and Rosmadi Mohd Yusoff

Cell signalling is part of a strategy in drug discovery. Among the focus is by studying the insulin and insulin-like growth factor (IGF1R) signalling pathways. The molecular mechanism of insulin and IGF1R signalling pathways have been studied extensively. Both pathways are vital in many of the mechanisms in human body particularly in regulating the metabolism and cell growth. Besides, both pathways have been found to be involved in numerous diseases such as in various types of cancer. This review briefly revealed the information on the pathways, their correlations and current findings in cancer study

THE FUTURE POTENTIAL OF TOURISM IN LANGKAWI, MALAYSIA: PREDICTION USING THE DELPHI METHOD

This article presents the findings of a study regarding the prediction of tourism in Langkawi by using the Delphi Method. The study was conducted for the purpose of testing and implementing the Delphi Method as a qualitative method in predicting the future potential of tourism in Langkawi through the perceptions and evaluations of the tourism experts. Eight respondents were selected as judges in the study. The consensuses among the panel judges were reached only in the second-round of the questionnaire distribution. Thus, the findings indicated that the Delphi Method is an effective method to predict the future potential of tourism in Langkawi from 2003 through to 2010. Several items in the community value systems and the tourism structures increased in parallel to the growth of the Langkawi tourism industry from 2003 through to 2010. This consequently would lead to a community positive acceptance toward the changes occurred in their areas. The panel judges also agreed that Langkawi has a potential to become an international tourist destination and an international tourism events and conference destination to the year 2010. Thus, it is suggested that-items which increase in parallel to the growth of tourism to be taken into consideration in planning and implementing the tourism strategy for the future

Insulin and Insulin-like Growth Factor signalling (IGF) pathways and cancer / Wan Iryani Wan Ismail, Mohd Nazri Abu, Muhammad Ashraf Mohd Salleh, Izmil Haikal Zainol and Rosmadi Mohd Yusoff

Cell signalling is part of a strategy in drug discovery. Among the focus is by studying the insulin and insulin-like growth factor (IGF1R) signalling pathways. The molecular mechanism of insulin and IGF1R signalling pathways have been studied extensively. Both pathways are vital in many of the mechanisms in human body particularly in regulating the metabolism and cell growth. Besides, both pathways have been found to be involved in numerous diseases such as in various types of cancer. This review briefly revealed the information on the pathways, their correlations and current findings in cancer study