Collaboration and competition in the advancement of next generation communications : Japan, Korea, and China defining the future of wireless industry

制度:新 ; 報告番号:甲2666号 ; 学位の種類:博士(学術) ; 授与年月日:2008/6/16 ; 早大学位記番号:新483

Etiology and antibiotic resistance patterns of community-acquired urinary tract infections in J N M C Hospital Aligarh, India

BACKGROUND: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) remain the common infections diagnosed in outpatients as well as hospitalized patients. Current knowledge on antimicrobial susceptibility pattern is essential for appropriate therapy. Extended-Spectrum beta-Lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria may not be detected by routine disk diffusion susceptibility test, leading to inappropriate use of antibiotics and treatment failure. The aim of this study was to determine the distribution and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of bacterial strains isolated from patients with community acquired urinary tract infections (UTIs) at Aligarh hospital in India as well as identification of ESBL producers in the population of different uropathogens. METHODS: Urinary isolates from symptomatic UTI cases attending to the JN Medical College and hospital at Aligarh were identified by conventional methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by Kirby Bauer's disc diffusion method. Isolates resistant to third generation cephalosporin were tested for ESBL production by double disk synergy test method. RESULTS: Of the 920 tested sample 100 samples showed growth of pathogens among which the most prevalent were E. coli (61%) followed by Klebsiella spp (22%). The majority (66.66%) of the isolates were from female while the remaining were from male. Among the gram-negative enteric bacilli high prevalence of resistance was observed against ampicillin and co-trimoxazole. Most of the isolates were resistant to 4 or more number of antibiotics. Forty two percent of isolates were detected to produce ESBL among which 34.42 % were E. coli isolates. CONCLUSION: This study revealed that E. coli was the predominant bacterial pathogen of community acquired UTIs in Aligarh, India. It also demonstrated an increasing resistance to Co-trimoxazole and production of extended spectrum β-lactamase among UTI pathogens in the community. This study is useful for clinician in order to improve the empiric treatment

Etiology and antibiotic resistance patterns of community-acquired urinary tract infections in J N M C Hospital Aligarh, India

BACKGROUND: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) remain the common infections diagnosed in outpatients as well as hospitalized patients. Current knowledge on antimicrobial susceptibility pattern is essential for appropriate therapy. Extended-Spectrum beta-Lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria may not be detected by routine disk diffusion susceptibility test, leading to inappropriate use of antibiotics and treatment failure. The aim of this study was to determine the distribution and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of bacterial strains isolated from patients with community acquired urinary tract infections (UTIs) at Aligarh hospital in India as well as identification of ESBL producers in the population of different uropathogens. METHODS: Urinary isolates from symptomatic UTI cases attending to the JN Medical College and hospital at Aligarh were identified by conventional methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by Kirby Bauer's disc diffusion method. Isolates resistant to third generation cephalosporin were tested for ESBL production by double disk synergy test method. RESULTS: Of the 920 tested sample 100 samples showed growth of pathogens among which the most prevalent were E. coli (61%) followed by Klebsiella spp (22%). The majority (66.66%) of the isolates were from female while the remaining were from male. Among the gram-negative enteric bacilli high prevalence of resistance was observed against ampicillin and co-trimoxazole. Most of the isolates were resistant to 4 or more number of antibiotics. Forty two percent of isolates were detected to produce ESBL among which 34.42 % were E. coli isolates. CONCLUSION: This study revealed that E. coli was the predominant bacterial pathogen of community acquired UTIs in Aligarh, India. It also demonstrated an increasing resistance to Co-trimoxazole and production of extended spectrum β-lactamase among UTI pathogens in the community. This study is useful for clinician in order to improve the empiric treatment

Nasal Drug Delivery Systems: An Overview

Since ancient times, drugs have been administered via the nasal route for therapeutic and recreational purposes. The interest in, and importance, of the systemic effects of drugs administered through the nasal route, have expanded over recent decades. Intra-nasal administration of drugs offers an interesting alternative for achieving systemic therapeutic effects of drugs that are comparable to the parenteral route, which can be inconvenient at times or oral administration, which can result in unacceptably low drug bioavailability. So, it is important to understand the potential and limitations of various nasal drug delivery systems. Therefore, the aim of this review article is to discuss the various pharmaceutical dosage forms that have the potential to be utilised for local or systemic drug administration. It is intuitively expected that this review will help to understand and further to develop suitable intra-nasal formulations to achieve specific therapeutic objectives

Spontaneous intracranial bullet extrusion: a case report

Head injuries from gunshots related to conflicts and terrorisms are on the rise globally, like-wise the resultant injuries from stray bullets. Intracranial bullets tend to migrate from one part of the brain to another. Most bullets are surgically removed when indicated. Spontaneous extrusion of an intracranial bullet is very rarely reported. Case Report: We report the case of an 8-year old boy who had spontaneous extrusion of an intracranial military bullet while awaiting surgical intervention.The patient sustained gunshot injury from a military stray bullet. The presence of an intracranial bullet was confirmed on radiograph and surgical removal was planned. However, the bullet got extruded spontaneously through the entry wound on the right parieto-ccipital area of the skull before surgical intervention. This represents an unusual behaviour of intracranial bullets which had rarely been reported

Predicting the minimum liquid surface tension activity of pseudomonads expressing biosurfactants

Bacteria produce a variety of biosurfactants capable of significantly reducing liquid (aqueous) surface tension (γ) with a range of biological roles and biotechnological uses. In order to determine the lowest achievable surface tension (γMin), we tested a diverse collection of Pseudomonas-like isolates from contaminated soil and activated sludge, and identified those expressing biosurfactants by drop-collapse assay. Liquid surface tension reducing ability was quantitatively determined by tensiometry, with 57 isolates found to significantly lower culture supernatant surface tensions to 24.5 – 49.1 mN m−1. Differences in biosurfactant behaviour determined by foaming, emulsion and oil-displacement assays, was also observed amongst isolates producing surface tensions of 25 – 27 mN m−1, suggesting that a range of structurally-diverse biosurfactants were being expressed. Individual distribution identification (IDI) analysis was used to identify the theoretical probability distribution that best fitted the surface tension data, which predicted a γMin of 24.24 mN m−1. This was in agreement with predictions based on earlier work of published mixed–bacterial spp. data, suggesting a fundamental limit to the ability of bacterial biosurfactants to reduce surface tensions in aqueous systems. This implies a biological restriction on the synthesis and export of these agents or a physical-chemical restriction on their functioning once produced

Solubility enhancement of poorly water soluble drugs using liposome technology

The aim of this work is to investigate the various parameters that could control the encapsulation of lipophilic drugs and investigate the influence of the physical properties of poorly water-soluble drugs on bilayer loading. Initial work investigated on the solubilisation of ibuprofen, a model insoluble drug. Drug loading was assessed using HPLC and UV spectrophotometric analysis. Preliminary studies focused on the influence of bilayer composition on drug loading to obtain an optimum cholesterol concentration. This was followed up by studies investigating the effect of longer alkyl chain lipids, unsaturated alkyl chain lipids and charged lipids. The studies also focused on the effects of pH of the hydration medium and addition of the single chain surfactant a-tocopherol. The work was followed up by investigation of a range of insoluble drugs including flurbiprofen, indomethacin, sulindac, mefenamic acid, lignocaine and progesterone to investigate the influence of drugs properties and functional group on liposomal loading. The results show that no defined trend could be obtained linking the drug loading to the different drug properties including molecular weight, log P and other drug specific characteristics. However, the presence of the oppositely charged lipids improved the encapsulation of all the drugs investigated with a similar effect obtained with the substitution of the longer chain lipids. The addition of the single chain surfactant a-tocopherol resulted in enhancement of drug loading and possibly is governed by the log P of the drug candidate. Environmental scanning-electron microscopy (ESEM) was used to dynamically follow the changes in liposome morphology in real time during dehydration thereby providing a alternative assay of liposome formulation and stability. The ESEM analysis clearly demonstrated ibuprofen incorporation enhanced the stability of PC:Chol liposomes

Labour and Labour Crisis in Nigerian: The Implication of the Structural Adjustment Programme

This Paper Labour and Labour Crises in Nigeria: The implication of structural adjustment programme, its aims at analyzing the effects of the structural adjustment programme (SAP) on the Labour and Labour crises in Nigeria. Through the economic policy programme, which among other objectives of the programmes includes, the privatization of public investment, retrenchment of Staffs, devaluation of the naira, deregulation of interest rates, reduction on government expenditure and Labour market adjustment. This paper also examine the Nigerian economy before the introduction of the Structural adjustment programme (SAP) which also give an insight about the Nigerian drawing rights from 1970 where the 90 percent of the nation foreign exchange earnings and more than 80 percent of the country’s population (53 million) were gaily employed by the agricultural sector. However, with discovery of Oil in the 70s Agricultural contribution to GDP started to decline from about 40 percent, GDP in the early 1970s to 20 percentage in the early 1980s. This decline resulted into untold sequences such as increased dependence on food imports. Now the government source of income solidly depend on Oil with 90 percent of the country exports earnings. As such revenue fell from $27.4 billion in 1950 to$ 11.1 billion in 1982. In the same vein, external reserve dropped from $757 billion to$5.5 billion. These effects resulted into external debt and massive borrowing. In order to find a solution to the problems the government decided to adopt the Structural adjustment programme so that it will dealth with the economic problems as at that time. This also brought about the idea of shifting the resources from undesired sector to more desire ones. Labour in particular is required to shift accordingly from Urban to Rural areas. Government intends to pursue this by applying relative price instrument like devaluation, freeing of urban wages and removal of subsidy. But unfortunately, this result was could not be achieved because of implicit model in pursuing the said objective is defective in many ways. The consequence of these leads to retrenchment of workers where this is not possible, workers were denied their basic pay for months, the Nigeria wage earner was left to fend foe his survival in order to sustain his life and those of his dependents. As such this leads to strike and counter strike which the Labour Union sought to be the only means of obtaining Union rights. Even though this was not effective, since the industries can not affords the exchange rate for their raw materials etc