Activity of Peroxidase in Free Radicals, Human Blood Cells and Effect of the pH and Temperature on Peroxidase Activity and Stability

تركزت الابحاث السابقة للانزيمات على استخلاص وتنقية الانزيمات والمؤثرات الجانبية لاستخدام الادوية والمكملات الغذائية الكابحة للجذور الحرة. لذلك، الهدف من الدراسة هو توسيع تطبيقات إنزيم البيروكسيديز المنقى من الزوائف الزنجارية والقدرة على اكتشاف علاج انزيمي متوفر ورخيص الثمن وقليل التاثيرات الجانبيه. انزيم البيروكسيديز من الانزيمات المؤكسدة المختزلة والتي تعمل على تحفيز العديد من تفاعلات الاكسدة لتخليص الخلايا من خطر الجذور الحرة. اختبر البيروكسيديز في قدرته على كبح الجذور وسميته على خلايا الدم للإنسان لحل مشكلة الادوية والمكملات الغذائية. لذا استخدمت ثلاث تراكيز لانزيم البيروكسيديز (10,40,60 مايكروغرام/مل). حيث اظهر البيروكسيديز فعالية عالية في كبح الجذور الحرة عند تركيز (60 مايكروغرام/مل) وصلت الى 40.%درس تاثير الخلوي السام للبيروكسيديز على جميع خلايا الدم للانسان باستخدام جهاز عد الخلايا وباستخدام كميات متساوية من (الانزيم,المادة الاساس,الانزيم مع المادة الاساس) حيث لم يظهر الانزيم بدون المادة الاساس سوى تغيرا طفيفا باعداد الخلايا مقارنة بالمادة الاساس والمادة الاساس والانزيم. توصيف انزيم البيروكسيديز أجرى باستخدام أكثر من درجة حرارة واحدة وأكثر من اس هيدروجيني واحد حيث اظهرت النتائج ان أفضل اس هيدروجيني لفعالية الانزيم وثباتيته كانت عند اس هيدروجيني 7 وافظل درجة حرارة عند (40-45) درجة مئوية.The previously studies of enzymes were focused only on the extraction and purification of enzyme and increase the toxic effect of drugs and supplement of free radical scavenging. So, the aim of the study was to extend purified peroxidase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa application and to abundant new enzymatic drug of free radicals scavenging with low side effect. Peroxidase is categorized as oxido-reductases, which were used for catalyzing various oxidative reactions that protect cells from the harm effect of free radicals .Peroxidase was tested as antioxidant and test their toxicity on human cells to overcome the problem of the side effect of drug and supplement that used as an antioxidant. The enzyme was applied as H2O2 scavenging activity antioxidant by used three concentration of enzyme and triplicate (10, 40, 60 µg/ml). The enzyme was show higher activity at 60 µg/ml reached to 40% activity. The cytotoxicity of peroxidase was tested on whole healthy human blood by C.B.C by using equal amount 5µg of (enzyme substrate, only substrate and enzyme without substrate). The result showed that the enzyme only had no effect on human blood as compare with H2O2 and enzyme with H2O2. The characterization of enzyme was done by using more than one temperature and pH value and the result were shown that the optimal temperature for enzyme activity and stability rang (40-45°C) and the optimal pH for enzyme stability and activity were 7

Feasibility study of achieving reliable electricity supply using hybrid power system for rural primary schools in Iraq: a case study with umm qasr primary school

Electrical power is considered as a significant part of contemporary life, and an essential element for development. Fossil fuels have been utilized since the beginning of the twentieth century for electricity generation. However, fossil fuels depletion at the escalating pace as well as their formidable negative implications upon ecosystem contributed to increasing interest in harnessing renewable energy sources for producing electric power to meet the growing demand worldwide. In Iraq, the electrical supply is not sufficient to supply 12 hours a day of electricity. Many rural areas, particularly their schools are suffering from the electricity shortage such as Umm Qasr Primary School that located 20 km away from the city centre of Karbala city in the middle of Iraq. In order to overcome this issue, this paper proposes a hybrid system which relies on renewable resources and the local grid to electrify Umm Qasr Primary School. Various combinations of energy resources have been analysed by using HOMER software to estimate an optimum hybrid system. The analysis illustrates that the optimal configuration of the projected system is composed of 22.4 kW PV modules, 59 batteries, and 5738kWh purchased from the local grid which has reduced the net present cost(NPC)from US$163791 the current situation to US$60,420 for the proposed system. The simulation findings also demonstrate that detrimental emissions have been reduced significantly

Online Anatomy Education in the COVID-19 Pandemic:Challenges and Suggested Practices as Per Student and Faculty Experiences in the Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates

Anatomy was studied through e-learning as a social distancing measure to prevent the spread of COVID-19. This study explored anatomy educators' and learners' experiences with online learning in two Middle Eastern countries in terms of instruction, engagement and assessment. The study employed a cross-sectional, mixed-methods approach using a validated questionnaire to collect data from students in 14 medical schools in Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates on their experience with online teaching, engagement strategies and assessment in anatomy courses. The Delphi technique was used to explore faculty challenges and recommended solutions. Six hundred and sixty-six students completed the questionnaire. Less than half (41.74%) reported that their interaction with the instructor was easier and more comfortable than during face-to-face lectures. In addition, less than a quarter (21.32%) believed it was better to adopt online rather than face-to-face anatomy instruction. Faculty members described challenges and provided suggestions to enhance online teaching, including faculty and staff development, technical support, appropriate software to increase student engagement and curriculum development to suit the new normal. They also suggested improving assessment design and construction as well as adopting measures to eliminate cheating, train faculty and staff and properly select software. In conclusion, the student and faculty experiences with e-learning in anatomy were generally positive. Both faculty and staff identified many challenges with an emphasis on the loss of face-to-face teaching. Accordingly, faculty development, technical support, appropriate software to enhance student engagement and reformed curricula to suit online teaching are needed in online anatomy education.</p

Impact of opioid-free analgesia on pain severity and patient satisfaction after discharge from surgery: multispecialty, prospective cohort study in 25 countries

Background: Balancing opioid stewardship and the need for adequate analgesia following discharge after surgery is challenging. This study aimed to compare the outcomes for patients discharged with opioid versus opioid-free analgesia after common surgical procedures.Methods: This international, multicentre, prospective cohort study collected data from patients undergoing common acute and elective general surgical, urological, gynaecological, and orthopaedic procedures. The primary outcomes were patient-reported time in severe pain measured on a numerical analogue scale from 0 to 100% and patient-reported satisfaction with pain relief during the first week following discharge. Data were collected by in-hospital chart review and patient telephone interview 1 week after discharge.Results: The study recruited 4273 patients from 144 centres in 25 countries; 1311 patients (30.7%) were prescribed opioid analgesia at discharge. Patients reported being in severe pain for 10 (i.q.r. 1-30)% of the first week after discharge and rated satisfaction with analgesia as 90 (i.q.r. 80-100) of 100. After adjustment for confounders, opioid analgesia on discharge was independently associated with increased pain severity (risk ratio 1.52, 95% c.i. 1.31 to 1.76; P &lt; 0.001) and re-presentation to healthcare providers owing to side-effects of medication (OR 2.38, 95% c.i. 1.36 to 4.17; P = 0.004), but not with satisfaction with analgesia (beta coefficient 0.92, 95% c.i. -1.52 to 3.36; P = 0.468) compared with opioid-free analgesia. Although opioid prescribing varied greatly between high-income and low- and middle-income countries, patient-reported outcomes did not.Conclusion: Opioid analgesia prescription on surgical discharge is associated with a higher risk of re-presentation owing to side-effects of medication and increased patient-reported pain, but not with changes in patient-reported satisfaction. Opioid-free discharge analgesia should be adopted routinely

IMPROVING THE ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY BY THE COMBINATION OF ZIRCONIUM OXIDE NANOPARTICLES (ZrO2) AND CEFTAZIDIME AGAINST KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIAE

Introduction: Klebsilla pneumoniae is one of must opportunistic pathogens that causes nosocomial infection, UTI, respiratory tract infections and blood infections. ZrO2 nanoparticles have antimicrobial activity against some pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Ceftazidime is one of third generation cephalosporins groups of antibiotecs, characterized by its broad spectrum on bacteria in general and particularly on Enterobacteriaceae family like Klebsiella spp. Method: Diverse clinical samples of Klebsilla pneumoniae were isolated from several hospitals in Baghdad – Iraq and ZrO2 nanoparticles was investigated against it. Ceftazidime was also investigated against K. pneumoniae. Both of ZrO2 nanoparticles and ceftazidime were mixed together and investigated against K. pneumoniae. Results: The result showed that ZrO2 nanoparticles were effectivity on inhibiting opportunistic pathogens. By using zirconium oxide nanoparticles on Klebsiella pneumonia isolates in 24h. of incubation time, inhibition zones were (38,34,10,10,8,0) mm respectively on agar plates. By using ceftazidime alone against the same bacteria inhibition zones were (40,32,10,9,8,0) mm. respectively. Conclusion:The present study results that the antibacterial activity of ceftazidime against bacteria was increased when combination between ZrO2 nanoparticles and the antibiotic had done, because, inhibition zones in case of mixing both of ZrO2 nanoparticles and ceftazidime were (43,40,12,12,10,0) mm respectively. So that we can conclude that the combination of zirconium oxide nanoparticles (ZrO2) and ceftazidime was a useful method for the treatment of Klebsilla pneumonia that cause nosocomial infection, UTI, respiratory tract infections and blood infections

Is there a misuse of computed tomography in the diagnostic workup of headache? A retrospective record-based study in secondary health-care facility in Saudi Arabia

Introduction: Headache disorders are one of the most prevalent global public-health problems that require placing high demand on health-care Services. Since it is one of the most frequent complaints in clinical practice worldwide, it causes a considerable burden in terms of the social cost. The study aimed to give a guide for the decision on the utilization of computed tomography (CT) in the diagnostic workup and identify if patients require neurological imaging (CT) for proper diagnosis or not. Material s and Methods: The study was carried out in the Radiology Department in King Khalid Hospital, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia from October 15, 2016, to February 15, 2017. A retrospective record-based study conducted using the documented CT reports in the files of patients whom were referred to the radiology department complaining of any type of a headache. Results: The data included 210 patients 51% were males and 49% were females. The patients were distributed into age groups; the mean age was 38.46 standard deviation ± 13.56. Among Saudi population, the etiology of headache was varying; the most prevalent type of headache was tension headache 25.71% of the total headache patients followed by cluster 25.24% and the migraine with the lowest proportionality. The majority of the patients' headache pain was mild 60%. Moreover, the CT reports for most of the patients were normal. Spearman Correlation test was used to see if there is a significance in using the CT for any patient who comes with symptoms including headache, and the results have shown that there is no association and clinical significance in using the CT for patients with headache without suspecting other clinical condition (P = 0.177). Conclusion: Headache disorders must be on the public-health agenda. Tension, migraine, and cluster-type headaches represent the majority of primary headaches. Statistically no significance or need to obtain CT if there are no life-threatening conditions expected or trauma presented

Memory Impairment and its Impact on Post-COVID-19 Patients among Saudi Population: An Exploratory Study

Introduction: Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged as a global pandemic in late 2019, quickly affecting millions worldwide. It presents with a range of symptoms, from mild respiratory issues to severe cases requiring hospitalisation. The disease’s long-term effects, especially cognitive impairments post-recovery, remain an area of active research and concern. Aim: To assess the prevalence and severity of cognitive impairments, including memory loss, attention deficits, and executive function disorders, in individuals who have recovered from COVID-19 in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from May to August 2023 in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, involving 539 participants confirmed to have recovered from COVID-19 via Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) tests. Cognitive impairments, including memory loss, attention deficits, and executive function disorders were assessed. Data were analysed using IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22.0 Chi-square tests and T-tests were utilised to examine the statistical significance of differences between recovered individuals and controls. Results: The study identified significant memory changes in 211 (39.15%) of post-COVID-19 patients, with specific challenges including difficulty recalling names/faces in 146 (27.09%), reduced attention span in 45 (8.35%), and verbal communication issues in 145 (26.9%) study subjects. Demographically, females (n=134, 24.86%) and individuals aged 21-30 reported higher rates of memory impairments compared to males (n=77, 14.29%) or other age groups, challenging prior assumptions about cognitive recovery and age. Further, patients with brain injuries and mental health conditions experienced exacerbated memory issues, underscoring the need for thorough patient assessments. Despite the considerable impact on daily activities reported by 111 (20.59%) of participants, only 17 (3.15%) sought medical help for these memory concerns. The findings highlight the prevalence of memory impairments among Saudi post-COVID-19 patients and call for increased healthcare interventions to manage these long-term cognitive effects. Conclusion: The study conclusively demonstrated that post-COVID-19 memory impairment was prevalent among recovered patients in Saudi Arabia, with significant variations by age, gender, and medical history. This underscored the critical need for healthcare providers to have enhanced awareness and to have developed targeted support services to effectively address and manage the long-term cognitive consequences of COVID-19

Real-world experience with ponatinib therapy in chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia: impact of depth of response on survival and prior exposure to nilotinib on arterial occlusive events

Abstract We surveyed the performance of ponatinib, as salvage therapy, in a real-world setting of chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia (CML-CP). Among 55 consecutive patients (median age 49 years) with relapsed/refractory CML-CP, 35 (64%) had failed ≥3 tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), 35 (64%) were pre-treated with nilotinib, and 14 (28%) harbored ABL1T315I. At start of ponatinib (median dose 30 mg/day), 40 patients were already in complete hematologic (CHR), 4 in complete cytogenetic (CCyR), 3 in major molecular (MMR) remission, while 8 had not achieved CHR (NR). Ponatinib improved the depth of response in 13 (33%), 3 (75%), 2 (66%), and 4 (50%) patients with CHR, CCyR, MMR, and NR, respectively (p = 0.02). At a median follow-up of 42 months, 13 (23%) deaths, 5 (9%) blast transformations, and 25 (45%) allogeneic transplants were recorded. Five/10-year post-ponatinib survival was 77%/58% with no significant difference when patients were stratified by allogeneic transplant (p = 0.94), ponatinib-induced deeper response (p = 0.28), or a post-ponatinib ≥CCyR vs CHR remission state (p = 0.25). ABL1T315I was detrimental to survival (p = 0.04) but did not appear to affect response. Prior exposure to nilotinib was associated with higher risk of arterial occlusive events (AOEs; 11% vs 0%; age-adjusted p = 0.04). Ponatinib starting/maintenance dose (45 vs 15 mg/day) did not influence either treatment response or AOEs. Our observations support the use of a lower starting/maintenance dose for ponatinib in relapsed/refractory CML-CP but a survival advantage for deeper responses was not apparent and treatment might not overcome the detrimental impact of ABL1T315I on survival. The association between prior exposure to nilotinib and a higher risk of post-ponatinib AOEs requires further validation