Survival Probability for Open Spherical Billiards

We study the survival probability for long times in an open spherical billiard, extending previous work on the circular billiard. We provide details of calculations regarding two billiard configurations, specifically a sphere with a circular hole and a sphere with a square hole. The constant terms of the long-term survival probability expansions have been derived analytically. Terms that vanish in the long time limit are investigated analytically and numerically, leading to connections with the Riemann hypothesis

Low-lying quadrupole collective states of the light and medium Xenon isotopes

Collective low lying levels of light and medium Xenon isotopes are deduced from the Generalized Bohr Hamiltonian (GBH). The microscopic seven functions entering into the GBH are built from a deformed mean field of the Woods-Saxon type. Theoretical spectra are found to be close to the ones of the experimental data taking into account that the calculations are completely microscopic, that is to say, without any fitting of parameters.Comment: 8 pages, 4 figures, 1 tabl

Design and Construction of a Testing Platform and Estimating Attenuation Painting Reflectivity to Laser Beam

The project has been described the design and construction of a reliable optical testing platform used for evaluate the reflectivity of metal surfaces treated with special paintings required for laser beam attenuation. The platform comprises an Nd-YAG laser system which has been designed and fabricated with specifications to be compatible with their corresponding in laser range finder transmitters used for various applications. The reflectivity of various attenuating paintings, at different detection angles, has been observed. Moreover, the variation of the reflected energy with painting type and metal type to be painted has been studied experimentally. Results illustrated the existence of a definite angle, at which the reflectivity was maximum (specular reflection). On the other hand, samples with attenuation paintings have constant very low diffusive reflectivity and are independent of the detection angle

A Delayed Black and Scholes Formula I

In this article we develop an explicit formula for pricing European options when the underlying stock price follows a non-linear stochastic differential delay equation (sdde). We believe that the proposed model is sufficiently flexible to fit real market data, and is yet simple enough to allow for a closed-form representation of the option price. Furthermore, the model maintains the no-arbitrage property and the completeness of the market. The derivation of the option-pricing formula is based on an equivalent martingale measure

Nutrient Supply Capacity Determination for Acid Soils Planted with Vegetables Using the Double Pot Technique

A double pot technique experiment was conducted to determine the nutrient supplying capacity of five acid soils planted with three vegetables such as cabbage (Brassica oleracea), maize (Zea mays) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). The soils used in the study were taken from Kibangay, Bukidnon; Mapayag, Bukidnon; Kapatagan, Davao del Sur; Claveria, Misamis Oriental and Cabintan, Leyte representing the acid soils of southern Philippines planted to vegetables. Results of the nutrient omission trials showed that the three vegetables tested have varying responses to five different soils as affected by nutrient availability. In most soils, regardless of vegetable planted, nitrogen (N) availability was the most critical nutrient affecting vegetable production followed by phosphorus (P) in the case of Cabintan and potassium (K) for Mapayag, Kibangay, Kapatagan and Claveria, respectively. This valuable diagnostic tool offers a cheap and simple method of assessing the nutrient supplying capacity of the various soils tested

A NOVEL APPROACH TO INCREASE THE BIOAVAILABILITY OF CANDESARTAN CILEXETIL BY PRONIOSOMAL GEL FORMULATION: IN-VITRO AND IN-VIVO EVALUATION

Objective: The oral bioavailability of Candesartan cilexetil is less (<15%), so in this study an approach has been made to increase its bioavailability by proniosomal gel formulation.Methods: The proniosomal formulation of Candesartan cilexetil was prepared by slurry method, using span 60 and Tween 60 as non-ionic surfactants, maltodextrin as carrier and cholesterol and soya lecithin as stabilizers. Prepared gel formulations were evaluated for compatibility study, entrapment efficiency, vesicle size, surface morphology, in-vitro diffusion studies, in-vitro skin permeation studies, in-vivo pharmacokinetics studies, various release kinetic studies and stability studies.Results: FT-IR study showed no interaction between drugs and other excipients, drugs and excipients are compatible. Mean vesicles size of proniosome derived niosome was found in the range of 16.34 µm-32.48 µm and 7.25-16.45 µm before and after shaking. An optimized formulation A3 containing a 2:1 ratio of span 60 and cholesterol showed maximum entrapment (86.17%) and in-vitro drug release (93.8%) compared to other formulations. In-vitro skin permeation studies were carried out using Albino rat skin and results showed that formulation A3 exhibited 88.65% drug permeation in a steady-state manner over a period of 24 h with a flux value of 1.94 µg/cm2/h and enhancement ratio of 3.73. In-vivo pharmacokinetics studies of proniosomal gel formulation A3 showed a significant increase in bioavailability (1.425 folds) compared with an oral formulation of Candesartan cilexetil. Stability studies showed that proniosomal gel formulation was stable throughout its study period.Conclusion: Physiochemically stable Candesartan cilexetil proniosomal gel was formulated, which could deliver significant amount of the drug across the skin in a steady-state manner for the prolong period of time in the treatment of hypertension.Â

Next Generation Network Real-Time Kinematic Interpolation Segment to Improve the User Accuracy

This paper demonstrates that automatic selection of the right interpolation/smoothing method in a GNSS-based network realtime kinematic (NRTK) interpolation segment can improve the accuracy of the rover position estimates and also the processing time in the NRTK processing center. The methods discussed and investigated are inverse distance weighting (IDW); bilinear and bicubic spline interpolation; kriging interpolation; thin-plate splines; and numerical approximation methods for spatial processes. The methods are implemented and tested using GNSS data from reference stations in the Norwegian network RTK service called CPOS.Data sets with an average baseline between reference stations of 60–70 kmwere selected. 12 prediction locations were used to analyze the performance of the interpolation methods by computing and comparing different measures of the goodness of fit such as the root mean square error (RMSE), mean square error, and mean absolute error, and also the computation time was compared. Results of the tests show that ordinary kriging with theMat´ern covariance function clearly provides the best results. The thin-plate spline provides the second best results of the methods selected and with the test data used

Phytochemical, High Performance Liquid Chromatography and Antimicrobial Evaluations of the Ethanolic Root Extract of Phoenix dactylifera L.

Bioactive compounds from plants have received a great deal of interest from scientists all over the globe for development of drugs. This study was aimed at evaluating phytochemicals, High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and antibacterial activities of ethanolic root extract of Phoenix dactylifera L. (date plant) against some clinical isolates. Roots of date plant were dried and extracted with ethanol using the cold maceration method before concentrating it with water bath at 45 oC. The phytochemicals were identified using HPLC based on their individual retention time. Antibacterial activities of the methanolic root extract were assessed against some clinical isolates including Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa utilizing agar disc diffusion method. The percentage yield of ethanol extract was 0.3892%. The result of the phytochemical screening revealed the presence of carbohydrate, phenols, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, steroids, alkaloids and terpenes at various retention time of 2.853, 3.235, 4.129, 4.713, 6.722, 8.954, 11.228 and 22.912 min. Compounds identified include phenolic acid (caffeic acid) and two flavonoids (rutin and quercetin). The zone of inhibition diameter ranged from 15 to 19 mm. The maximum zone of inhibition was detected against Streptococcus pyogenes, (19 mm). Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae were inhibited with 17 mm and 16 mm zone of inhibition respectively, followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa which had the least zone of inhibition (15 mm). The result of the present study suggests that the root of Phoenix dactylifera L. possesses important phytochemical components with antibacterial activity that could be possibly exploited for pharmaceutical development