GC-MASS CHARACTERIZATION OF TOMATO ETHYL ACETATE EXTRACT AND ITS ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES

ABSTRACT: Tomatoes possess valuable medicinal properties with high lycopene and flavonoid content, recognized for diverse pharmacological impacts. The study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial and antioxidant traits of the ethyl acetate tomato extract while identifying its main components. The antioxidant potential was determined through the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical assay, while the antibacterial activity was evaluated using the agar well diffusion method. Additionally, the components present in the extract were explored through GC-Mass spectroscopy. The final extraction ratio was calculated at 31.38±0.76%. Over 25 individual compounds were discerned in the tomato extract, encompassing myricetin 50.7%, n-hexadecanoic acid 19.9%, salicylic acid 13.77%, octenyl succinic acid 1.58%, vanillic acid 1.41%, dimethyl benzene 1.02%, Iso-quercitrin 1.02%, Hexadecanol 0.85%, Nomane-a-tomatidine 0.77%, a-tocopherol 0.76%, Homoserine 0.76%, and other compounds in smaller quantities. The extract exhibited a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity against the tested bacterial strains (S. aureus and P. aeruginosa). Notably, S. aureus displayed higher susceptibility to the tomato diethyl acetate extract concentrations in the culture media than P. aeruginosa. The ethyl acetate tomato extract showcased distinct 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging activity. The results indicate that the tomato extract possesses significant antibacterial and antioxidant qualities, showing promise as a valuable source of natural compounds for new drug development. Keywords: natural compounds; bacterial strains; free radical; Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry.   Caracterização por espectroscopia de massa (GC) do extrato de acetato de etila de tomate e suas propriedades antibacterianas e antioxidantes   RESUMO: Os tomates possuem propriedades medicinais valiosas com alto teor de licopeno e flavonóides, reconhecidos por diversos impactos farmacológicos. O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as características antibacterianas e antioxidantes do extrato de tomate com acetato de etila e identificar seus principais componentes. O potencial antioxidante foi determinado através do ensaio do radical 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazila, enquanto a atividade antibacteriana foi avaliada pelo método de difusão em placas de ágar. Adicionalmente, os componentes presentes no extrato foram explorados através de espectroscopia GC-Mass. A taxa de extração final foi de 31,38±0,76%. Mais de 25 compostos individuais foram discernidos no extrato de tomate, abrangendo miricetina 50,7%, ácido n-hexadecanóico 19,9%, ácido salicílico 13,77%, ácido octenil succínico 1,58%, ácido vanílico 1,41%, dimetil benzeno 1,02%, iso-quercitrina 1,02%, Hexadecanol 0,85%, Nomane-a-tomatidina 0,77%, a-tocoferol 0,76%, Homoserina 0,76% e outros compostos em quantidades menores. O extrato exibiu amplo espectro de atividade antibacteriana contra as cepas bacterianas testadas (S. aureus e P. aeruginosa). Notavelmente, S. aureus apresentou maior suscetibilidade às concentrações de extrato de acetato de dietila de tomate no meio de cultura do que P. aeruginosa. O extrato de tomate com acetato de etila apresentou atividade distinta de eliminação de radicais livres 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazil. Os resultados indicam que o extrato de tomate possui qualidades antibacterianas e antioxidantes significativas, mostrando-se promissor como uma fonte valiosa de compostos naturais para o desenvolvimento de novos medicamentos. Palavras-chave: compostos naturais; cepas bacterianas; radicais livres; Cromatografia Gasosa - Espectrometria de Massa.ABSTRACT: Tomatoes possess valuable medicinal properties with high lycopene and flavonoid content, recognized for diverse pharmacological impacts. The study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial and antioxidant traits of the ethyl acetate tomato extract while identifying its main components. The antioxidant potential was determined through the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical assay, while the antibacterial activity was evaluated using the agar well diffusion method. Additionally, the components present in the extract were explored through GC-Mass spectroscopy. The final extraction ratio was calculated at 31.38±0.76%. Over 25 individual compounds were discerned in the tomato extract, encompassing myricetin 50.7%, n-hexadecanoic acid 19.9%, salicylic acid 13.77%, octenyl succinic acid 1.58%, vanillic acid 1.41%, dimethyl benzene 1.02%, Iso-quercitrin 1.02%, Hexadecanol 0.85%, Nomane-a-tomatidine 0.77%, a-tocopherol 0.76%, Homoserine 0.76%, and other compounds in smaller quantities. The extract exhibited a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity against the tested bacterial strains (S. aureus and P. aeruginosa). Notably, S. aureus displayed higher susceptibility to the tomato diethyl acetate extract concentrations in the culture media than P. aeruginosa. The ethyl acetate tomato extract showcased distinct 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging activity. The results indicate that the tomato extract possesses significant antibacterial and antioxidant qualities, showing promise as a valuable source of natural compounds for new drug development. Keywords: natural compounds; bacterial strains; free radical; Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry.   Caracterização por espectroscopia de massa (GC) do extrato de acetato de etila de tomate e suas propriedades antibacterianas e antioxidantes   RESUMO: Os tomates possuem propriedades medicinais valiosas com alto teor de licopeno e flavonóides, reconhecidos por diversos impactos farmacológicos. O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as características antibacterianas e antioxidantes do extrato de tomate com acetato de etila e identificar seus principais componentes. O potencial antioxidante foi determinado através do ensaio do radical 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazila, enquanto a atividade antibacteriana foi avaliada pelo método de difusão em placas de ágar. Adicionalmente, os componentes presentes no extrato foram explorados através de espectroscopia GC-Mass. A taxa de extração final foi de 31,38±0,76%. Mais de 25 compostos individuais foram discernidos no extrato de tomate, abrangendo miricetina 50,7%, ácido n-hexadecanóico 19,9%, ácido salicílico 13,77%, ácido octenil succínico 1,58%, ácido vanílico 1,41%, dimetil benzeno 1,02%, iso-quercitrina 1,02%, Hexadecanol 0,85%, Nomane-a-tomatidina 0,77%, a-tocoferol 0,76%, Homoserina 0,76% e outros compostos em quantidades menores. O extrato exibiu amplo espectro de atividade antibacteriana contra as cepas bacterianas testadas (S. aureus e P. aeruginosa). Notavelmente, S. aureus apresentou maior suscetibilidade às concentrações de extrato de acetato de dietila de tomate no meio de cultura do que P. aeruginosa. O extrato de tomate com acetato de etila apresentou atividade distinta de eliminação de radicais livres 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazil. Os resultados indicam que o extrato de tomate possui qualidades antibacterianas e antioxidantes significativas, mostrando-se promissor como uma fonte valiosa de compostos naturais para o desenvolvimento de novos medicamentos. Palavras-chave: compostos naturais; cepas bacterianas; radicais livres; Cromatografia Gasosa - Espectrometria de Massa

Performance of free-running end -pumped Nd:YAG laser system

Experiments on a end-pumped Nd:YAG rod laser will be presented, the high performance of this laser in terms of output power, laser slope efficiency, single longitudinal and transverse mode operation and stability. This high performance of these laser devices attractive for a variety of applications. Keywords : Beam quality , free- running , diode pum

The Role of Financial Digitalization in Achieving Efficient Financial Performance Applied Research into Some Banks Listed on the Iraqi Stock Exchange

The primary objective of the study is to find or study the impact of digital finance, represented by the following dimensions (electronic bank branches, automated teller machines, electronic payment cards, and open banking services), on achieving efficient financial performance (capital adequacy, profitability, credit risk, liquidity) in commercial banks listed on the Iraqi Stock Exchange for the period (2015-2021). In order to achieve the goal of this study, statistical methods models were relied upon, using the least squares method, as the results of the study concluded that the relationship between financial digitalization and the efficiency of financial performance constitutes A positive linear relationship, meaning that the greater the financial digitization, the more efficient the financial performance. The research also presented a set of recommendations that relevant authorities can use

Difficulties of Nursing Students During Clinical Training

Background: Nursing practice in the 21st century faces a number of challenges including increased nursing teaching schools and institutes, in adequate nursing staff, increasing healthcare costs, limited facilities, need for preceptor (link teacher), in adequate quality and numbers of hospitals. Clinical practice is crucial in nursing to integrate theory and practice to acquire skills and capability of critical thinking, solve problems and decision making. Aim of the Study: identify the difficulties which encountered the students of nursing college in the hospitals of Kirkuk city during study year 2011-2012, also to assess the extent of benefit from clinical training in the hospitals.   Methodology: A descriptive study, using the assessment approach was conducted on students of college of nursing /Kirkuk University from 2/5/2012 to 24/4/2013. A purposive, non-probability sample composed of (200) students (male & female) from the (2nd, 3rd &4th) classes were selected for the study. A questionnaire was developed for purposive of study & included 3 parts were demographic data, difficulties which encountered student & benefit of student from clinical training. The analysis of data was done by application of descriptive statistical data analysis approach (frequency, percentage, and the mean of scores).   Results: The age group (22-24) years was represent (51%) of the sample, the female represent (80%) from the sample, 2nd class were (42%) from the sample, & (68, 5%) were living in urban.   Conclusions: Most of the students were young, female, live in urban, and from the 2nd class. The findings were moderate for the teacher related factors, Health staff & patients related factors, student & tasks performance related factors, place and time related factors, And most of the students were moderately benefited from clinical training in the hospitals

Evaluation of C-Reactive Protein, Interleukin-6, and Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio as Inflammatory Markers in Patients with Chronic Bronchitis Taking Oral Prednisolone in Maysan City Population

Background: Clinically, chronic bronchitis is defined as a persistent cough lasting at least three months over the course of two years in a patient where all other causes have been excluded. It is almost invariably described as a feature of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) secondary to smoking. Patients and methods: Ninety-five Iraqi patients newly diagnosed with chronic bronchitis were selected to participate in this study. Sixty patients (40 male and 20 female) were enrolled in the current study their ages were ranged from (40-65 years). The patients were divided into two groups, in the first group (responders’ group) the patients were responded to oral prednisolone therapy, and in the other group the patients were not responded to oral prednisolone therapy (non-responders’ group). The assessment of responsiveness to prednisolone will be according to ATS (American Thoracic Society) which define the responders as those with a response of >12% baseline and >200 ml of FEV1. This study is a prospective observational clinical trial was carried out in thoracic consultant clinic at Al- Sader teaching Hospital in Maysan city from March 2022 until March 2023. The prednisolone tablets given in a dose of 30mg /day for 14 days. Aim of the study: The current study was aimed to identify the association of the inflammatory markers C-reactive protein, interleukin-6 and neutrophils-lymphocytes ratio with the response of chronic bronchitis patients to oral prednisolone therapy. Results and Conclusions: CRP, IL-6, and NLR consider as good predictive markers (P value<0.001) to determine the responsivity of patients with chronic bronchitis taking oral prednisolone tablets for 14 days

Design an Electronic Amplifier Circuit for Hearing Impaired

Low-cost hearing aid device was designed and constructed to produce an amplified sound for people with hearing loss. A 3V DC was used as the power supply. The condenser microphone was used as input transducer to pick up sound from the environment for conversion to electrical signal, npn transistor (BC337) along with tow capacitors and three resistors were used as pre-amplifier.to amplify. The integrated circuit available in 8-pin mini chip package and specially designed for portable power amplification was used for the amplification function a 32 ohms ear phone was used as the output transducer to convert the amplified electricáksignals back to sound

Modulating Mathematical Function to be used in Electron Objective Lens

A theoretical study has been carried out on the magnetic field resulting from a modulating mathematical function to produce a magnetic pole to be used for designing the objective magnetic lens in the electron optical devices. This function has only one effective optimization parameter (a) which is named half of the half-width of the magnetic field that can affect on the design and focal properties of the magnetic lens. At first we will be seen the peak of the magnetic field shifted out of a symmetry point (z=0) by a distance approximately equals to the half half-width of the magnetic field. Therefore, some axial transformations have been carried out to make this peak symmetric around the symmetry axis. The present work has shown the possibly of obtaining a magnetic pole of the magnetic field in which the peak shifted off symmetry point. Keywords: Electron optics, Objective Magnetic Lenses, Aberration

Quantitative Design Analysis of an Electric Scissor Lift

In the industry, as a lifting system, the electrical scissor lift system is commonly used. this system is mainly preferred to do Load lifting and lowering activities, cleaning services, and maintenance-repair activities. In this paper, quantitative design analysis of several principal components of an electric scissor lift will be undertaken. A brushless dc geared-motor will be used to drive the rear wheels of the vehicle within an industrial area with front-wheel steering. The scissor lift will be operated via a motor-ballscrew arrangement. A systematic and detailed evaluation of the design will be carried out with paying particular attention to several aspects such as actuator selection for wheel drive unit and lift motion, quantitative design of the wheel drive gearbox, gearbox bearing selection, qualitative design of scissor lift and ballscrew unit selection, stress analysis of scissor pin joints and ballscrew connections, and vehicle power requirements and the motor control

Comparison Study of Axial Behavior of RPC-CFRP Short Columns

In this paper, the axial behaviors of reactive powder     concrete (RPC) short  columns confined with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) were   investigated. All the specimens have square cross section of 100 mm × 100   mm and length of 400 mm with aspect ratio 4. The experimental work consists   of three groups. The first group consists of six specimens of RPC with 2% micro steel fiber, without ordinary reinforcing steel and confining by zero, one and two layer of CFRP respectively. The second group consists of six    specimens of RPC with 2% micro steel fiber and minimum ordinary reinforcing  steel and confining by zero, one and two layers of CFRP respectively. The third  group consists of four specimens of RPC without micro steel fiber and ordinary  reinforcing steel and confining by one and two layers of CFRP respectively.  Experimental data for strength, longitudinal and lateral displacement and  failure mode were obtained for each test. The toughness (area under the curve) for each test was obtained by using numerical integration. The RPC columns confined with CFRP showed stiffer behavior compared with RPC columns without CFRP. The ultimate load of the RPC columns with 2% micro steel  fiber + two layers of CFRP + minimum ordinary reinforcement were more than that of the RPC columns with 2% micro steel fiber + minimum ordinary   reinforcement and without CFRP by about 1.333.