Effect of Seaweed Extract and Phosphorous Application on Growth and Yield of Pea Plant

Effect of seaweed extract "kelp 40" and phosphorous application in two pea cultivars was investigated during the growing season 2011/2012. Pea Pisium sativum L. cultivars namely "little Marvel" and "Fabreca" were cultivated and sprayed twice at 3-5 true leaf stage and after two weeks later by "kelp 40" at concentration 0, 2 and 4 ml/l. phosphorous application added after two week from germination at the levels : 0 and 160kg P205/Ha. Data revealed that the effect of "Kelp 40" was positive and correlated with the applied concentrations. Applying with "Kelp 40" increase the response of different growth parameters and yield responses. The effect of phosphorous application gave positive responses in growth and yield. Data showed that varietals differences were clear where "Little Marvel" CV. Was superior growth and yield compared to other cultivar. Data indicated that "Kelp 40" gave the better values in all parameters studied

Natural and synthetic flavonoid derivatives with potential antioxidant and anticancer activities

Flavonoids form a family of well known natural products present in most of the plant families. More than 8000 different flavonoids have been isolated from their natural source to date. The structural variations of these flavonoids are associated with many different biological and pharmacological activities, including anticancer activity, protection against cancer formation (chemo-protection), antioxidant activity, cardiovascular and hepatic protection, antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral activity. Flavonoids have also been reported to play an important role in hormone-related female diseases, such as breast cancer and menopausal syndrome. Natural flavonoids have therefore been subjected to many chemical modifications in order to improve their activity. As part of this thesis, I have added moieties such as an amino alkyl chain, selenium and tellurium containing moieties. As part of an approach to generate flavonoid derivatives more active and specific toward cancer cells, addition of a chromene ring (ring D) to the flavonoid core structure resulted in chromeneflavone derivative. Aromatase is a group of cytochrome P450 enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of estrogen, the main stimulant of breast cancer cell growth. Some of the flavonoid derivatives tested (natural as well as synthetic) turned out to be good aromatase inhibitors and may be studied further in the treatment of breast cancer. Ten natural products in addition to 38 synthetic flavonoid derivatives were subjected to various in vivo and in vitro bioassays in order to understand the various antioxidant, cytotoxic and aromatase inhibiting properties associated with these compounds.Die Familie der Flavonoide ist als Naturprodukte sehr gut bekannt und findet sich in einem Großteil der Pflanzenfamilie wieder. Mehr als 8000 verschiedene Flavonoide wurden zum jetzigen Zeitpunkt aus Quellen natürlichen Ursprungs isoliert. Die strukturellen Unterschiede dieser Flavonoide, sowie deren Wirkung gegen Krebs, Schutz vor Krebsentstehung, Antioxidantien-Aktivität, kardiovaskulärer und hepatischer Schutz sowie antibakterielle, antifungizide als auch antivirale Aktivität, spiegeln sich in verschiedenen biologischen und pharmakologischen Aktivitäten wider. Flavonoide spielen zudem bei hormonell bedingten Erkrankungen, die überwiegend bei Frauen auftreten, wie z.B. Brustkrebs oder das menopausale Syndrom, eine wichtige Rolle. Aus diesem Grund wurden natürliche Flavonoide für diese Studien ausgesucht, die chemisch modifiziert worden sind, um deren Aktivität erhöhen zu können. Als Teil dieser Doktorarbeit wurden verschiedene Reste, wie z.B. Aminoalkylketten, Selen sowie auch Tellur hinzugefügt. Um eine höhere Aktivität sowie Spezifität der Flavonoid-Derivate gegenüber Krebszellen erzielen zu können, wurde das Flavonoid-Grundgerüst mit einem Chromen-Ring (Ring D) ergänzt. Aromatase gehört zur Gruppe der Cytochrom P450 Enzyme, die für die Biosynthese von Östrogen verantwortlich sind, einem wichtigen Förderer des Wachstums von Brustkrebs- Zellen. Sowohl natürliche als auch synthetische Flavonoid-Derivate stellten sich als gute Aromatase-Inhibitoren heraus and könnten später vielleicht in der Brustkrebs-Therapie eingesetzt werden. Zehn natürliche Produkte sowie 38 auf synthetischem Wege hergestellte Derivate wurden in verschiedenen in vivo und in vitro Bioassays eingesetzt, um die antioxidativen, cytotoxischen, als auch die Aromatase inhibierenden Eigenschaften besser verstehen zu können

Design and implementation of single bit error correction linear block code system based on FPGA

Linear block code (LBC) is an error detection and correction code that is widely used in communication systems. In this paper a special type of LBC called Hamming code was implemented and debugged using FPGA kit with integrated software environments ISE for simulation and tests the results of the hardware system. The implemented system has the ability to correct single bit error and detect two bits error. The data segments length was considered to give high reliability to the system and make an aggregation between the speed of processing and the hardware ability to be implemented. An adaptive length of input data has been consider, up to 248 bits of information can be handled using Spartan 3E500 with 43% as a maximum slices utilization. Input/output data buses in FPGA have been customized to meet the requirements where 34% of input/output resources have been used as maximum ratio. The overall hardware design can be considerable to give an optimum hardware size for the suitable information rate

Natural Polysaccharides as Preventive and Therapeutic Horizon for Neurodegenerative Diseases

Neurodegenerative diseases are a serious and widespread global public health burden amongst aging populations. The total estimated worldwide global cost of dementia was US$818 billion in 2015 and has been projected to rise to 2 trillion US$ by 2030. While advances have been made to understand different neurodegenerative disease mechanisms, effective therapeutic strategies do not generally exist. Several drugs have been proposed in the last two decades for the treatment of different types of neurodegenerative diseases, with little therapeutic benefit, and often with severe adverse and side effects. Thus, the search for novel drugs with higher efficacy and fewer drawbacks is an ongoing challenge in the treatment of neurodegenerative disease. Several natural compounds including polysaccharides have demonstrated neuroprotective and even therapeutic effects. Natural polysaccharides are widely distributed in plants, animals, algae, bacterial and fungal species, and have received considerable attention for their wide-ranging bioactivity, including their antioxidant, anti-neuroinflammatory, anticholinesterase and anti-amyloidogenic effects. In this review, we summarize different mechanisms involved in neurodegenerative diseases and the neuroprotective effects of natural polysaccharides, highlighting their potential role in the prevention and therapy of neurodegenerative disease

Natürliche und synthetische Flavonoid-Derivate mit potenziellen Antioxidans- und Anti-Krebs-Aktivitäten

Flavonoids form a family of well known natural products present in most of the plant families. More than 8000 different flavonoids have been isolated from their natural source to date. The structural variations of these flavonoids are associated with many different biological and pharmacological activities, including anticancer activity, protection against cancer formation (chemo-protection), antioxidant activity, cardiovascular and hepatic protection, antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral activity. Flavonoids have also been reported to play an important role in hormone-related female diseases, such as breast cancer and menopausal syndrome. Natural flavonoids have therefore been subjected to many chemical modifications in order to improve their activity. As part of this thesis, I have added moieties such as an amino alkyl chain, selenium and tellurium containing moieties. As part of an approach to generate flavonoid derivatives more active and specific toward cancer cells, addition of a chromene ring (ring D) to the flavonoid core structure resulted in chromeneflavone derivative. Aromatase is a group of cytochrome P450 enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of estrogen, the main stimulant of breast cancer cell growth. Some of the flavonoid derivatives tested (natural as well as synthetic) turned out to be good aromatase inhibitors and may be studied further in the treatment of breast cancer. Ten natural products in addition to 38 synthetic flavonoid derivatives were subjected to various in vivo and in vitro bioassays in order to understand the various antioxidant, cytotoxic and aromatase inhibiting properties associated with these compounds.Die Familie der Flavonoide ist als Naturprodukte sehr gut bekannt und findet sich in einem Großteil der Pflanzenfamilie wieder. Mehr als 8000 verschiedene Flavonoide wurden zum jetzigen Zeitpunkt aus Quellen natürlichen Ursprungs isoliert. Die strukturellen Unterschiede dieser Flavonoide, sowie deren Wirkung gegen Krebs, Schutz vor Krebsentstehung, Antioxidantien-Aktivität, kardiovaskulärer und hepatischer Schutz sowie antibakterielle, antifungizide als auch antivirale Aktivität, spiegeln sich in verschiedenen biologischen und pharmakologischen Aktivitäten wider. Flavonoide spielen zudem bei hormonell bedingten Erkrankungen, die überwiegend bei Frauen auftreten, wie z.B. Brustkrebs oder das menopausale Syndrom, eine wichtige Rolle. Aus diesem Grund wurden natürliche Flavonoide für diese Studien ausgesucht, die chemisch modifiziert worden sind, um deren Aktivität erhöhen zu können. Als Teil dieser Doktorarbeit wurden verschiedene Reste, wie z.B. Aminoalkylketten, Selen sowie auch Tellur hinzugefügt. Um eine höhere Aktivität sowie Spezifität der Flavonoid-Derivate gegenüber Krebszellen erzielen zu können, wurde das Flavonoid-Grundgerüst mit einem Chromen-Ring (Ring D) ergänzt. Aromatase gehört zur Gruppe der Cytochrom P450 Enzyme, die für die Biosynthese von Östrogen verantwortlich sind, einem wichtigen Förderer des Wachstums von Brustkrebs- Zellen. Sowohl natürliche als auch synthetische Flavonoid-Derivate stellten sich als gute Aromatase-Inhibitoren heraus and könnten später vielleicht in der Brustkrebs-Therapie eingesetzt werden. Zehn natürliche Produkte sowie 38 auf synthetischem Wege hergestellte Derivate wurden in verschiedenen in vivo und in vitro Bioassays eingesetzt, um die antioxidativen, cytotoxischen, als auch die Aromatase inhibierenden Eigenschaften besser verstehen zu können

Phytochemical Analysis, Pharmacological and Safety Evaluations of Halophytic Plant, Salsola cyclophylla

Salsola cyclophylla, an edible halophyte, is traditionally used for inflammation and pain. To confirm the claimed anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties, a detailed study on respective pharmacological actions was undertaken. The activities are contemplated to arise from its phytoconstituents. The LC-MS analysis of S. cyclophylla 95% aqueous-ethanolic extract revealed the presence of 52 compounds belonging to phenols, flavonoids, coumarins, and aliphatics class. A high concentration of Mn, Fe, and Zn was detected by atomic absorption spectroscopic analysis. The ethyl acetate extract showed the highest flavonoid contents (5.94 ± 0.04 mg/g, Quercetin Equivalents) and Fe2+-chelation (52%) potential with DPPH radicals-quenching IC50 at 1.35 ± 0.16 mg/mL, while the aqueous ethanolic extract exhibited maximum phenolics contents (136.08 ± 0.12 mg/g, gallic acid equivalents) with DPPH scavenging potential at IC50 0.615 ± 0.06 mg/mL. Aqueous ethanolic extract and standard quercetin DPPH radicals scavenging’s were equal potent at 10 mg/mL concentrations. The aqueous ethanolic extract showed highest analgesic effect with pain reduction rates 89.86% (p = 0.03), 87.50% (p < 0.01), and 99.66% (p = 0.0004) after 60, 90, and 120 min, respectively. Additionally, aqueous ethanolic extract exhibited the highest anti-inflammation capacity at 41.07% (p < 0.0001), 34.51% (p < 0.0001), and 24.82% (p < 0.0001) after 2, 3, and 6 h of extract’s administration, respectively. The phytochemical constituents, significant anti-oxidant potential, remarkable analgesic, and anti-inflammatory bioactivities of extracts supported the traditionally claimed anti-inflammatory and analgesic plant activities

Phytochemical Characterization, In Vitro Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Diabetic, and Cytotoxic Activities of the Edible Aromatic Plant; Pulicaria jaubertii

Pulicaria jaubertii is a medicinal herb that alleviates inflammations and fever. Chromatographic separation, phytochemical characterization, and in vitro biological activities of the plant n-hexane extract were conducted for the first time in this study. Six compounds were isolated for the first time from the n-hexane fraction of Pulicaria jaubertii aerial parts and were identified on the bases of NMR and MS analyses as pseudo-taraxaterol (1), pseudo-taraxasterol acetate (2), 3β-acetoxytaraxaster-20-en-30-aldehyde (3), calenduladiol-3-O-palmitate (4), stigmasterol (5), and α-tocospiro B (6). Compound (6) was a rare tocopherol-related compound and was isolated for the first time from family Asteraceae, while compound (3) was isolated for the first time from genus Pulicaria. The total alcoholic extract and n-hexane fraction were tested for their anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and cytotoxic activities. The n-hexane fraction has dose dependent red blood cells (RBCs) membrane stabilization and inhibition of histamine release activities with IC50: 60.8 and 72.9 µg/mL, respectively. As antidiabetic activity, the alcoholic extract exerted the most inhibition on the activity of yeast α-glucosidase, with an IC50: 76.8 µg/mL. The n-hexane fraction showed cytotoxic activity against hepatocarcinoma (HepG-2), breast carcinoma (MCF-7), and prostate carcinoma (PC-3) cell lines with IC50: 51.8, 90.8 and 62.2 µg/mL, respectively. In conclusion, the anti-inflammatory effect of Pulicaria jaubertii might be attributed to the triterpenoid constituents of the n-hexane extract of the plant

Phytochemical Analysis, Antioxidant Potential, and Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Traditionally Used Artemisia absinthium L. (Wormwood) Growing in the Central Region of Saudi Arabia

Artemisia absinthium, a plant distributed worldwide, has been reported for its numerous traditional uses, and its phytoconstituents have been investigated in several previous publications. The current study was designed to investigate the chemistry and quality; i.e., the antioxidant and cytotoxic activities, of A. absinthium volatile oil from plant species growing in the central area of Saudi Arabia compared to reported data for the plant growing in other parts of the world. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC-FID) spectroscopic analyses, in addition to in vitro antioxidant and cytotoxic assays, were conducted to fulfill the aims, and integrated the study’s conclusion. A total of 34 compounds representing 99.98% of the essential oil of the plant were identified; among them, cis-davanone was found at the highest concentration (52.51%) compared to the other constituents. In addition, α-gurjunene (7.15%), chamazulene (3.38%), camphene (3.27), γ-eudesmol (2.49%), pinocarvone (2.18%), and ocimenone (2.03%) were also identified as major constituents of the plant’s essential oil. The total percentage of davanones (53%) was the highest percentage found in the plant species growing elsewhere in the world. The antioxidant assays; i.e., the total antioxidant capacity (TAC), ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl-scavenging activity (DPPH-SA), evidenced the potential in vitro antioxidant activity of the A. absinthium essential oil, with 35.59, 10.54, and 24.00 mg Trolox equivalent per gram of the essential oil. In addition, the metal-cheating activity (MCA) of the essential oil was measured at 29.87 mg ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) equivalent per gram of the essential oil. Moreover, a limited cytotoxic effect of the essential oil against all tested cell lines was observed, which might be considered as an indicator of the safety of A. absinthium as a worldwide edible plant. In conclusion, the study confirmed the variations in the A. absinthium essential oil constituents in response to the environmental conditions. The study also highlighted the potential health benefits of the plant’s essential oil as an antioxidant agent

Analytical Purity Determinations of Universal Food-Spice Curcuma longa through a QbD Validated HPLC Approach with Critical Parametric Predictors and Operable-Design’s Monte Carlo Simulations: Analysis of Extracts, Forced-Degradants, and Capsules and Tablets-Based Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms

Applications of analytical quality by design (QbD) approach for developing HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) methods for food components assays, and separations of complex natural product mixtures, are still limited. The current study developed and validated, for the first time, a stability-indicating HPLC method for simultaneous determinations of curcuminoids in Curcuma longa extracts, tablets, capsules, and curcuminoids’ forced degradants under different experimental conditions. Towards separation strategy, critical method parameters (CMPs) were defined as the mobile phase solvents’ percent-ratio, the pH of the mobile phase, and the stationary-phase column temperature, while the peaks resolution, retention time, and the number of theoretical plates were recognized as the critical method attributes (CMAs). Factorial experimental designs were used for method development, validation, and robustness evaluation of the procedure. The Monte Carlo simulation evaluated the developing method’s operability, and that ensured the concurrent detections of curcuminoids in natural extracts, commercial-grade pharmaceutical dosage-forms, and the forced degradants of the curcuminoids in a single mixture. The optimum separations were accomplished using the mobile phase, consisting of an acetonitrile–phosphate buffer (54:46 v/v, 0.1 mM) with 1.0 mL/min flow rate, 33 °C column temperature, and 385 nm wavelength for UV (Ultra Violet) spectral detections. The method is specific, linear (R2 ≥ 0.999), precise (% RSD < 1.67%), and accurate (% recovery 98.76–99.89%), with LOD (Limit of Detection) and LOQ (Limit of Quantitation) at 0.024 and 0.075 µg/mL for the curcumin, 0.0105 µg/mL and 0.319 µg/mL for demethoxycurcumin, and 0.335 µg/mL and 1.015 µg/mL for the bisdemethoxycurcumin, respectively. The method is compatible, robust, precise, reproducible, and accurately quantifies the composition of the analyte mixture. It exemplifies the use of the QbD approach in acquiring design details for developing an improved analytical detection and quantification method