Estudio de la petrografía y la configuración tectónica de los umbrales en el distrito de Lavasanat, Teherán (norte de Irán)

The study area is located in Lavasanat District in the northeast of Tehran in Central Alborz zone. The outcrops are mainly linked to Karaj Formation, which belongs to the upper Eocene to Oligocene periods. In the study area, there are various plutonic rocks that are identified in the form of numerous dike and sill on the ground. These sills are injected in between sedimentary layers. The rocks forming the sills include the spectrum of gabbro, gabbro diorite, diorite, monzonite, and syenite. In some areas, these rocks have undergone alterations and have traces of the saussuritization and chloritization phenomena. There are also two generations of amorphous. The first generation is fully chloritized due to alteration while the second generation is unaltered. Unlike many diorites and monzonites, which typically have hornblendes, the neutral rocks such as diorite and monzonite lack hornblendes. Hence, their magmas were dry and dehydrated. Based on the geochemical studies conducted on 17 samples (15 sill samples and 2 host rock samples) and the diagrams of the tectonic settings of rocks, the study sills are in the WIN (within plate). However, two samples of the host rock are within the range of the active continental margins.El área de estudio se encuentra en el distrito de Lavasanat, en el noreste de Teherán, en la zona central de Alborz. Los afloramientos están principalmente vinculados a la Formación Karaj, que pertenece a los períodos del Eoceno superior al Oligoceno. En el área de estudio, hay varias rocas plutónicas que se identifican en forma de numerosos diques y antepechos en el suelo. Estos umbrales se inyectan entre capas sedimentarias. Las rocas que forman los umbrales incluyen el espectro de gabro, gabro diorita, diorita, monzonita y sienita. En algunas áreas, estas rocas han sufrido alteraciones y tienen rastros de los fenómenos de saussuritización y cloritización. También hay dos generaciones de amorfos. La primera generación está completamente cloritizada debido a la alteración, mientras que la segunda generación no se altera. A diferencia de muchas dioritas y monzonitas, que típicamente tienen hornblendes, las rocas neutras como la diorita y la monzonita carecen de hornblendes. Por lo tanto, sus magmas estaban secos y deshidratados. Según los estudios geoquímicos realizados en 17 muestras (15 muestras de alféizar y 2 muestras de roca huésped) y los diagramas de los ajustes tectónicos de las rocas, los alféizares del estudio están en el WIN (dentro de la placa). Sin embargo, dos muestras de la roca huésped están dentro del rango de los márgenes continentales activos

Estudio de la petrografía y la configuración tectónica de los umbrales en el distrito de Lavasanat, Teherán (norte de Irán)

The study area is located in Lavasanat District in the northeast of Tehran in Central Alborz zone. The outcrops are mainly linked to Karaj Formation, which belongs to the upper Eocene to Oligocene periods. In the study area, there are various plutonic rocks that are identified in the form of numerous dike and sill on the ground. These sills are injected in between sedimentary layers. The rocks forming the sills include the spectrum of gabbro, gabbro diorite, diorite, monzonite, and syenite. In some areas, these rocks have undergone alterations and have traces of the saussuritization and chloritization phenomena. There are also two generations of amorphous. The first generation is fully chloritized due to alteration while the second generation is unaltered. Unlike many diorites and monzonites, which typically have hornblendes, the neutral rocks such as diorite and monzonite lack hornblendes. Hence, their magmas were dry and dehydrated. Based on the geochemical studies conducted on 17 samples (15 sill samples and 2 host rock samples) and the diagrams of the tectonic settings of rocks, the study sills are in the WIN (within plate). However, two samples of the host rock are within the range of the active continental margins.El área de estudio se encuentra en el distrito de Lavasanat, en el noreste de Teherán, en la zona central de Alborz. Los afloramientos están principalmente vinculados a la Formación Karaj, que pertenece a los períodos del Eoceno superior al Oligoceno. En el área de estudio, hay varias rocas plutónicas que se identifican en forma de numerosos diques y antepechos en el suelo. Estos umbrales se inyectan entre capas sedimentarias. Las rocas que forman los umbrales incluyen el espectro de gabro, gabro diorita, diorita, monzonita y sienita. En algunas áreas, estas rocas han sufrido alteraciones y tienen rastros de los fenómenos de saussuritización y cloritización. También hay dos generaciones de amorfos. La primera generación está completamente cloritizada debido a la alteración, mientras que la segunda generación no se altera. A diferencia de muchas dioritas y monzonitas, que típicamente tienen hornblendes, las rocas neutras como la diorita y la monzonita carecen de hornblendes. Por lo tanto, sus magmas estaban secos y deshidratados. Según los estudios geoquímicos realizados en 17 muestras (15 muestras de alféizar y 2 muestras de roca huésped) y los diagramas de los ajustes tectónicos de las rocas, los alféizares del estudio están en el WIN (dentro de la placa). Sin embargo, dos muestras de la roca huésped están dentro del rango de los márgenes continentales activos

Reducing the 2, 4 D+MCPA Antagonism from Hard Spray Waters by Ammonium Sulfate

Introduction: Water is the main carrier of herbicides (HC) that its quality plays an important role in herbicide performance hard water has a high concentration of Ca++ and Mg++ and reviews have shown that calcium, manganese and zinc are the main factors reducing the effectiveness of weak acid herbicides. Weak acid herbicides such as glyphosate, paraquat, clethodim and 2, 4 D are compounds that release the H+ ions once dissolved in water, but just slightly. Therefore, herbicides that are weak acids partially dissociate. Herbicides not dissociated (the compound remains whole) are more readily absorbed by plant foliage than those that dissociate. Dissociated herbicide molecules have a negative charge. After being dissociated, herbicides might remain as negatively charged molecules, or they might bind with other positively charged cations. Binding to some cations improves herbicide uptake and absorption, binding to others such as Ca++ and Mg++ antagonizes herbicide activity by decreasing absorption or activity in the cell. To correct such carriers, the use of adjuvants, such as ammonium sulphate (AMS), is recommended, which can reduce the use of herbicides and cause economic savings. The aim of this study was to investigate the simple effects and interactions between different amounts of AMS and carrier hardness (CH) levels on 2, 4 D + MCPA herbicide efficacy in controlling white clover (Trifolium repens L.) in turf grass. Materials and Methods: The experiment was laid out in a RCBD with three replications for each treatment during spring-summer 2013 in 10 years old mixed cold season turf grass (Festuca rubra + Poa pratensis + Poa pratensis) dominated by white clover in Mashhad (Iran). The treatments were the factorial combination of four carrier hardness (CH) rates (Deionized, 45, 90 and 180 ppm of Ca++ +Mg++) and three Ammonium Sulfate (AMS) rates (0, 2, 3 and 4 Kg per100 L of carrier water) were studied. The turf was sprayed with 2, 4 D + MCPA (67.5% SL) at 1.5 L-ha applied once on July. The density and dry matter of clover and turf were recorded. Results and Discussion: Full performance of 2, 4 D + MCPA herbicide to control clover, regardless of the amount of ammonium sulfate used, was obtained in soft water. Adding just 4%, AMS to Carrier water with a hardness of 45 ppm could recover effectiveness of herbicide up to DI water, whereas in 90 ppm of hardness adding only 2 percent ammonium sulfate was enough to increase herbicide efficacy to twice as no ammonium sulfate treatment. The most significant antagonism effect was obtained in 180 ppm hardness level without AMS reducing 84% of 2, 4 D + MCPA performance compared to soft water. The highest antagonism effect of the herbicide carrier went to 180 ppm, 90 ppm and 45 ppm of hardness respectively. Overall, the study revealed that only in 45 ppm of CH the addition of 4% of AMS will help to restore the toxicity of 2, 4 D + MCPA while in 90 ppm and 180 ppm of CH add more than 2% of AMS to 2, 4 D + MCPA carrier water will not benefit the herbicide toxicity. Most reports have considered sufficient two percent of AMS to neutralize the inhibitory effect of CH on the weak acid herbicides. Three weeks after spraying, no phytotoxicity was found in the grass. At the same time interaction between CH and AMS on the lawn dry weight was significant (

Estudio de la petrografía y la configuración tectónica de los umbrales en el distrito de Lavasanat, Teherán (norte de Irán)

The study area is located in Lavasanat District in the northeast of Tehran in Central Alborz zone. The outcrops are mainly linked to Karaj Formation, which belongs to the upper Eocene to Oligocene periods. In the study area, there are various plutonic rocks that are identified in the form of numerous dike and sill on the ground. These sills are injected in between sedimentary layers. The rocks forming the sills include the spectrum of gabbro, gabbro diorite, diorite, monzonite, and syenite. In some areas, these rocks have undergone alterations and have traces of the saussuritization and chloritization phenomena. There are also two generations of amorphous. The first generation is fully chloritized due to alteration while the second generation is unaltered. Unlike many diorites and monzonites, which typically have hornblendes, the neutral rocks such as diorite and monzonite lack hornblendes. Hence, their magmas were dry and dehydrated. Based on the geochemical studies conducted on 17 samples (15 sill samples and 2 host rock samples) and the diagrams of the tectonic settings of rocks, the study sills are in the WIN (within plate). However, two samples of the host rock are within the range of the active continental margins.El área de estudio se encuentra en el distrito de Lavasanat, en el noreste de Teherán, en la zona central de Alborz. Los afloramientos están principalmente vinculados a la Formación Karaj, que pertenece a los períodos del Eoceno superior al Oligoceno. En el área de estudio, hay varias rocas plutónicas que se identifican en forma de numerosos diques y antepechos en el suelo. Estos umbrales se inyectan entre capas sedimentarias. Las rocas que forman los umbrales incluyen el espectro de gabro, gabro diorita, diorita, monzonita y sienita. En algunas áreas, estas rocas han sufrido alteraciones y tienen rastros de los fenómenos de saussuritización y cloritización. También hay dos generaciones de amorfos. La primera generación está completamente cloritizada debido a la alteración, mientras que la segunda generación no se altera. A diferencia de muchas dioritas y monzonitas, que típicamente tienen hornblendes, las rocas neutras como la diorita y la monzonita carecen de hornblendes. Por lo tanto, sus magmas estaban secos y deshidratados. Según los estudios geoquímicos realizados en 17 muestras (15 muestras de alféizar y 2 muestras de roca huésped) y los diagramas de los ajustes tectónicos de las rocas, los alféizares del estudio están en el WIN (dentro de la placa). Sin embargo, dos muestras de la roca huésped están dentro del rango de los márgenes continentales activos

Prediction of soil cation exchange capacity using enhanced machine learning approaches in the southern region of the Caspian Sea

Cation exchange capacity (CEC) has a key role in soil studies such as agriculture, energy balance, characteristics of the soil for food, maintaining water in the soil as well as soil pollution management. Its measurement is difficult and time-consuming. So, its prediction using artificial intelligent (AI) models with soil readily available properties can be the proper solution. In this study, the physical and chemical properties of the soil, such as pH, EC, organic carbon, clay content, sands, and total nitrogen used as input data for the AI models. The adaptive-network-based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), ANFIS model coupled by differential evolution (ANFIS-DE), and ANFIS model coupled by particle swarm optimization (ANFIS-PSO) are used for the prediction of the CEC. Then the ability of those methods in the prediction of the CEC. Results showed higher efficiency of the coupled models (ANFIS-DE and ANFIS-PSO) compared to the ordinary ANFIS model