Foreign assistance and economic growth: evidence from Pakistan 1972 - 2010

This paper examines the relationship between foreign assistance and economic growth for the period 1972 to 2010. Past literature indicates that due to low domestic resource mobilization Pakistan had to resort to various forms of foreign assistance on a regular basis. Using time series data since 1972 and employing Johansen maximum likelihood procedure we show that foreign assistance in the absence of macroeconomic stabilization and structural reforms has a negative relationship with real per capita GDP. However national savings as percentage of GDP show a positive relationship with real per capita GDP. Pakistan has a long history of dependence on multilateral and bilateral development partners. Over the decades the share of grants as percentage of total foreign assistance has declined forcing the country to procure loans at harsh conditionalties. Given the positive impact of national savings on economic growth there is an urgent need for improving the tax base, promoting instruments that encourage savings culture in the private sector and attracting remittances from abroad. These increased savings would then have to be channelized towards productive investments which in turn require pro market reforms.Foreign assistance, Economic Growth, National Savings

Effectiveness of HRD for developing SMEs in South Asia

Today South Asia is host to a large youth bulge which is entering the labor market every year posing challenging questions for the national governments in the context of employable skills, space for entrepreneurship, innovation and economic freedom. SME sector provides an opportunity for the young to exercise their ideas and ideals. However a prerequisite for the young to be innovate is the how countries produce and retain a high end human capital. This study provides a review of national socio-economic policies in South Asian region - which answer such challenges.human resource development, small and medium enterprises, economic growth, competitiveness

Simulation and experimental study of double holes film cooling

In the modern gas turbine, film cooling has been widely used to provide thermal protection for the external surface of the gas turbine blades. Numerous number of geometrical arrangement film cooling have been presented for the past 50 years. The main inspiration of the presented geometrical arrangements film cooling are to minimize the effect of lift off phenomena caused by the formation of the Counter Rotating Vortex Pair (CRVP) which commonly discovered in the Single Cylindrical Hole (SCH) arrangement. In order to reduce the CRVP effects, tremendous efforts from the past researchers have been made including the introduction of the Double Cylindrical Hole (DCH). The present study has made use this DCH along with the employment of several geometrical arrangements including pitch distance (POD), length between holes in streamwise direction (LoD), compound angle and upstream ramp. The evaluation of these parameters involved three different blowing ratios, M and two value of the turbulence intensities, Tu. The diameter of the cooling holes in the present study is 4.75mm which taken based on the previous study. The present study has been divided into two major studies namely experimental study and simulation study. The purpose of the experimental study is to validate the present simulation study which making use of an open end wind tunnel. As the validation process shows a good agreement results, 14 more models have been built and tested using simulation study which the total cases considered are 105. As for the result, all the considered cases of DCH shows improvement in comparison with SCH. Each of the considered geometries and flow parameters have their own effects on the film cooling effectiveness which will be elaborate in details in the further chapter. As conclusion, the simulation is having good agreement with the present experimental study and the previous study which is essential to confirm the reliability of the study. Meanwhile, all DCH shows improvement in term of film cooling effectiveness on each of blowing ratio value

PEWARNAAN GRACEFUL PADA GRAF HASIL OPERASI COMB GRAF SIKLUS DAN GRAF STAR

Penelitian ini merupakan jenis penelitian eksploratif dengan menggunakan metode deduktif aksiomatik dan metode pendeteksi pola. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pewarnaan graceful dan bilangan kromatik pada graf siklus comb graf star. Dari penelitian ini ditemukan satu teorema baru yang terdiri dari tiga kasus mengenai bilangan kromatik graceful pada graf siklus comb graf star

Performance of oscillatory flow reactor and stir tank reactor in solvent fermentation from palm oil mill effluent

Advance in mixing technology has developed a new way of mixing fluids by introducing an oscillatory motion to replace the conventional mechanical agitation or an air bubble displacement. This new way of mixing breakthrough has been implemented in an Oscillatory Flow Reactor (OFR). This research will be focus on the performance of OFR as a bioreactor by comparing with Stir Tank Reactor (STR), which is the traditional device in fermentation. The experimental work was conducted in an OFR and a STR with a working volume of 1.5 l. Solvent production strain, Clostridium acetobutylicum NCIMB 13357 was grown in OFR and STR, using fresh Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) as growth medium. All of the experiments were conducted anaerobically under batch mode for 72 hours at constant temperature of 35°C. Comparisons of the growth trend and solvent fermentation performance for both devices were investigated. Total solvents (acetone, butanol and ethanol) produced in an OFR was comparable with that of STR. Total solvents production in OFR is 1.8 times higher than that of STR resulted in total 1.6 g/l of solvents. The results of this investigation showed that OFR has an excellent potential as an alternative device in fermentation processes

SISTEM PENGGAJIAN GURU DAN TENAGA KEPENDIDIKAN DI TK. ‘AISYIYAH BUSTANUL ATHFAL I KOTA PROBOLINGGO MENURUT PRINSIP-PRINSIP AKAD IJARAH

During 2016 to 2019 there were many demonstrations carried out by educators and educational staff with a minimum guarantee of receiving monthly and no government allowance. This demonstration of educators is a silent proof of the inability of the government in the welfare of educators who need a non-PNS level, the complexity of being a PNS educator also cannot be solved by only teaching for more than 10 years. Anxiety like this certainly occurs in every region. To answer this we can answer through the payroll Sistem of educators and education personnel in kindergarten. ABA I Probolinggo City? and how is the implementation of the principles of the ijarah contract in kindergarten payroll systems. ABA I Kota Probolinggo according to the principles of the ijarah contract?To answer this question, this type of research is used (field field research) with a qualitative method. The data collection techniques used in this study include observation, interviews, and document study. The data that has been collected is then compiled and analyzed using descriptive methods, which describes the concept of implementing the payroll Sistem and the principles of the ijarah contract in kindergarten. ‘Aisyiyah Bustanul Athfal I Probolinggo City.The results of this study state that the implementation of the payroll Sistem and the implementation of the principles of the charity ijarah contract in the payroll Sistem in kindergarten. 'Aisyiyah Bustanul Athfal I City of Probolinggo is still general. Although in its application both parties have each benefited, this has not met the provisions of the ijarah agreement in accordance with sharia economic law.Keywords : Principles of Ijarah Agreement and Payroll Siste

Nanofiltration of hazardous Congo red dye: performance and flux decline analysis

The effectiveness of nanofiltration (NF) for dye wastewater treatment has been well established. However, detailed study on the fouling phenomena during the NF of dye is still limited. This paper provides the understanding on the performance and fouling phenomena of the polypiperazine amide nanofiltration (PA–NF) membrane for the treatment of hazardous Congo red (CR) dye. The 20 mg L−1 dye at pH 9 was successfully 100% removed with minimum flux decline under the specific conditions: room temperature (25 ◦C) and trans-membrane pressure 5 bar. In addition, the membrane retained more Na2SO4 (62–91%) than NaCl (14–31%), owing to the ion size and negative charges on the membrane surface. The experimental results showed that fouling was the significant reason of the membrane flux decline which principally caused by the favourable/irreversible adsorption. Mechanisms ofthe PA–NF membrane fouling were investigated using the linearized forms according to Wiesner and Aptel equations. It had been found that the fouling mechanisms were influenced by the solution pH and concentration. Under 20 mg L−1 of initial CR concentration at pH 9, the decline of permeate flux was due to standard blocking mechanism during the initial filtration. The cake formation took place rapidly at the second stage of filtration which contributed to the relatively constant permeate flux decline

Paramater on Maternal Delivery Referral Process

Introduction: The rate of maternal mortality in Indonesia according to 2002–2003 Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS) was 307 per 100,000 live births. The direct causes of maternal deaths, among others, are prolonged labor, hemorrhage, infection, and preeclampsia. Referral system includes referring responsibility to better facilitated healthcare sites to obtain more adequate services. However, maternal referral process in Banjar District still faces some problems such as referral health providers with inadequate skills of handling emergency cases, insufficient means of transportation, and no referral letter or partograph. Usually, when referred, the pregnant woman is only accompanied by her family so that she is brought to the referral site without being equipped with infusion. The objective of the study was to evaluate the parameter of maternal delivery referral in Ratu Zalekha Martapura District Hospital. Method: This study used observational study with a cross-sectional study design using quantitative and qualitative approaches. Samples were 107 delivering women referred to hospitals selected with non probability sampling. Data were analyzed with Chi-square (χ) and logistic regression test. Result: Quality maternal referral process resulted in healthy women 78.8%. Post delivery women's health was greater in quality maternal referral process (RP = 2.1; 95% CI = 1.28–3.52). Normal delivery had an opportunity towards post delivery women's health (RP = 1.6; 95% CI = 1.13–2.20). In addition, time needed to reach the referral sites and referral birth attendants were significantly associated with maternal referral process (p = 0.002 and p = 0.002). Meanwhile, women's condition when referred was insignificant statistically. Discussion: Quality maternal referral process could likely improve post delivery women's health.Normal delivery affected the women's health condition