31 research outputs found

    Three essays on heterogeneity in macroeconomics

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    This doctoral thesis emphasizes the role of Heterogeneity in modern Macroeconomics. First, it provides a new determinant to heterogeneity in firms' price-setting, namely the degree of returns to scale. It provides theoretical and empirical evidence that price rigidity and returns to scale are positively associated. Heterogeneity in price rigidity and returns to scale are then linked. Further, this thesis introduces both dimensions of heterogeneity into an otherwise standard Keynesian model and simulate the real effects of monetary policy shock on output. This thesis also provides evidence that the amplification initially implied by heterogeneity in price rigidity is mitigated when heterogeneity in returns to scale is added. Finally, this thesis explores the heterogeneous effects of macroprudential policy on bank profitability across different income levels. There is evidence that a tightening of macroprudential policy tends to decrease bank profitability in countries where the financial sector is less developed, which is the case for emerging countries

    Spondylarthrite ankylosante au Sénégal: aspects épidémiologiques, diagnostiques, thérapeutiques et évolutifs au Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Aristide LeDantec de Dakar

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    Introduction: la spondylarthrite ankylosante (SA) est une maladie Ă©volutive, pouvant s'aggraver par une invaliditĂ©. Le but de notre Ă©tude est de dĂ©crire les aspects Ă©pidĂ©miologiques, diagnostiques, thĂ©rapeutiques et Ă©volutifs de la SA dans le service de rhumatologie du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Aristide LeDantec Ă  Dakar. MĂ©thodes: il sÂŽagissait dÂŽune Ă©tude transversale descriptive et analytique, avec un recueil de donnĂ©es Ă  la fois prospectif et rĂ©trospectif sur une pĂ©riode de 8 ans, entre janvier 2012 et dĂ©cembre 2020, sur des patients atteints de SA de diagnostic Ă©tabli en accord avec les critĂšres diagnostiques dÂŽAmor, de lÂŽESSG (European Seronegative Spondylarthropathy Group), dÂŽASAS (Assessment of Spondyloarthritis International Society) et les critĂšres de New York modifiĂ© pour la SA. Les donnĂ©es ont Ă©tĂ© recueillies par le biais d'un questionnaire structurĂ© et analysĂ©es Ă  lÂŽaide du logiciel SPSS25 (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences). RĂ©sultats: six cent quarante-sept (647) patients ont rĂ©pondu aux critĂšres dÂŽinclusions; 414 femmes et 233 hommes soit un sex ratio de 1,77F/1H. DiffĂ©rentes formes symptomatiques Ă©taient obtenues: les formes axiales (55,65%), les formes mixtes (44,35%) et les formes systĂ©miques avec manifestation extra-articulaires: uvĂ©ites (12,21%), insuffisance aortique (5,71%) et maladie fibrobulleuse des poumons (3,86%). Soixante pourcent (60%) des patients Ă©taient sous antiinflammatoires non stĂ©roĂŻdiens (AINS), 47% sous mĂ©thotrexate et 0,92% sous biothĂ©rapie. Les indices dÂŽactivitĂ© de la maladie, les indices fonctionnels et les indices de la qualitĂ© de vie ont permis le suivi de la maladie. Conclusion: nos rĂ©sultats ont montrĂ© une prĂ©dominance fĂ©minine. Les formes axiales Ă©taient les plus reprĂ©sentĂ©es. Plus de la moitiĂ© de nos patients Ă©taient sous antiinflammatoires, 47% sous mĂ©thotrexate et 0,92% sous biothĂ©rapie. Cette Ă©tude a permis de comprendre le poids de la SA dans les spondyloarthrites et son Ă©volution dans le temps

    Assessing the Climate-Smartness of the West Africa Agricultural Productivity Programme (WAAPP): What can we learn from Benin, Guinea, Niger, Togo and Chad projects?

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    This info note summarizes the findings from participatory assessments of the climate-smartness of World Bank funded West Africa Agricultural Productivity Programme (WAAPP)”. This activity was implemented by CCAFS West Africa regional programme in partnership with CORAF under the Capacitating Stakeholders in Using Climate Information for Enhanced Resilience in the Agricultural Sector in West Africa (CaSCIERA-WA) project to strengthen the capacity of country stakeholders of WAAPP to mainstream and implement CSA in their activities in West Africa

    PrĂ©valence de l’hypertension artĂ©rielle en milieu du travail : Cas du groupe Alucam au Cameroun: Prevalence of hypertension among workers : A case of the Alucam group in Cameroon

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    Context and objective. Hypertension (HTN), a silent killer, is a major global public health problem. Its magnitude remains however unknown in a professional environment. The objective of this study was to evaluate the frequency and risk factors associated with HTN among workers from the Alucam group in Cameroon. Method. A descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study of an exhaustive sample of workers from the Alucam Socatral industrial plant in Cameroon was conducted between January and September 2015. Parameters of interest included data on the determinants of the individual, the company, and Karasek’s psychosocial risk assessment as well as clinical data (measurement of blood pressure, height and weight). The Chi-square tests of Pearson and De Snedecor were used to compare the proportions. Odds ratio (OR) was used to assess risk factors associated to HTN. The statistical significance level was set at 5% (p < 0.05). Results. 637 employees were enrolled. Their average age was 52 years old and all were male. The prevalence of HTN was 14.3%. We noted a very significant hypertension prevalence among older workers compared to younger (OR = 16.95, p< 0.0001). HTA was significantly related to obesity (OR = 4.7, p < 0.0001). Almost all of the workers (90%) had not changed their service since being hired with a seniority of more than 30 years in 54% of the cases. Active workers accounted for 91% of all HTNs. According to psychosocial risk, the majority of workers (63%) was in the dial “job strain”, of which 70% were operators. Social support and decision latitude decreased as psychological demand increased. Conclusion. One in seven workers in this company is hypertensive. Age, obesity and shift work are associated with hypertension in the present study population. Contexte & objectif. L’hypertension (HTA), tueur silencieux, est un problĂšme majeur de santĂ© publique Ă  travers le monde. Son ampleur reste cependant inconnue en milieu professionnel. L’objectif de la prĂ©sente Ă©tude Ă©tait d’évaluer la frĂ©quence et les facteurs associĂ©s Ă  l’HTA chez les travailleurs du groupe Alucam, au Cameroun. MĂ©thodes. Nous avons conduit une Ă©tude transversale descriptive et analytique auprĂšs d’un Ă©chantillon exhaustif des travailleurs de l’établissement industriel Alucam Socatral, entre janvier et septembre 2015, au Cameroun. Les paramĂštres d’intĂ©rĂȘt englobaient les donnĂ©es relatives aux dĂ©terminants de l’individu, de l’entreprise et l’évaluation du risque psychosocial par le modĂšle de Karasek ainsi que les donnĂ©es cliniques (mesure de la pression artĂ©rielle, taille et poids). Les tests KhiÂČ de Pearson et de De Snedecor ont Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ©s pour comparer les proportions. Odds ratio (OR) a permis d’évaluer les facteurs associĂ©s Ă  l’HTA. Le seuil de signification statistique a Ă©tĂ© fixĂ© Ă  5% (p < 0,05). RĂ©sultats. 637 employĂ©s ont Ă©tĂ© enrĂŽlĂ©s. Leur Ăąge moyen Ă©tait de 52 ans et tous Ă©taient du sexe masculin La prĂ©valence de l’HTA Ă©tait de 14,3 %. On notait une prĂ©valence d’HTA trĂšs significative chez les travailleurs ĂągĂ©s par rapport aux plus jeunes (OR = 16,95, p < 0,0001). L’HTA Ă©tait significativement liĂ©e avec l’obĂ©sitĂ© (OR 4,7, p = 0,0001). La quasi-totalitĂ© des travailleurs (90 %) n’avait pas changĂ© de service depuis l’embauche avec une anciennetĂ© de plus de 30 ans dans 54% des cas. Les travailleurs actifs constituaient 91 % des HTA. Selon le risque psychosocial, la majoritĂ© des travailleurs (63%) Ă©tait dans le cadran « job strain Â», parmi lesquels 70 % Ă©taient opĂ©rateurs. Le soutien social et la latitude dĂ©cisionnelle diminuaient alors que la demande psychologique augmentait. Conclusion. Un travailleur sur sept de cette entreprise est hypertendu. L’ñge, l’obĂ©sitĂ© et le travail postĂ© sont associĂ©s Ă  l’HTA dans notre population d’étude

    Les accidents de la vie courante chez l’enfant à Dakar: à propos de 201 cas

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    Les accidents de la vie courante (AcVC) sont frĂ©quents chez l’enfant et peuvent ĂȘtre Ă  l’origine de lĂ©sions handicapantes et de dĂ©cĂšs. L’objectif de notre travail Ă©tait d’étudier les aspects Ă©pidĂ©miologiques et lĂ©sionnels des AcVC Ă  Dakar. C’est une Ă©tude transversale descriptive menĂ©e du 1er Janvier 2013 au 30 juin 2013. Les enfants victimes d’accidents domestiques, d’accidents de sport et de loisirs ou d’accidents scolaires ont Ă©tĂ© inclus. Nous avons Ă©tudiĂ© des paramĂštres gĂ©nĂ©raux et des paramĂštres ayant trait Ă  chaque type d’AcVC. Deux cent et un enfants ont Ă©tĂ© inclus, ce qui reprĂ©sentait 27% des consultations aux urgences. Il y avait 148 garçons et 53 filles. Les enfants de moins de 5 ans Ă©taient les plus touchĂ©s (37,8%). Le football et le jeu de lutte Ă©taient les grands pourvoyeurs d’AcVC. Les AcVC survenaient principalement Ă  domicile (58,2%) et dans les aires de sport et de loisirs (31,8%). Les fractures prĂ©dominaient dans les diffĂ©rents types d’AcVC: 54,9% des accidents domestiques, 68,8% des accidents de sport et de loisirs et 40% des accidents scolaires. Au plan Ă©pidĂ©miologique, nos rĂ©sultats sont superposables Ă  la littĂ©rature. Les fractures prĂ©dominent Ă  l’opposĂ© de la littĂ©rature oĂč les contusions sont prĂ©pondĂ©rantes. Le jeu de lutte est le plus grand pourvoyeur de ces fractures aprĂšs le football. La connaissance des aspects Ă©pidĂ©miologiques et lĂ©sionnels permet de mener des campagnes de prĂ©vention des AcVC Ă  Dakar

    Quantifying the value of viral genomics when inferring who infected whom in the 2014–16 Ebola virus outbreak in Guinea

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    Transmission trees can be established through detailed contact histories, statistical or phylogenetic inference, or a combination of methods. Each approach has its limitations, and the extent to which they succeed in revealing a 'true' transmission history remains unclear. In this study, we compared the transmission trees obtained through contact tracing investigations and various inference methods to identify the contribution and value of each approach. We studied eighty-six sequenced cases reported in Guinea between March and November 2015. Contact tracing investigations classified these cases into eight independent transmission chains. We inferred the transmission history from the genetic sequences of the cases (phylogenetic approach), their onset date (epidemiological approach), and a combination of both (combined approach). The inferred transmission trees were then compared to those from the contact tracing investigations. Inference methods using individual data sources (i.e. the phylogenetic analysis and the epidemiological approach) were insufficiently informative to accurately reconstruct the transmission trees and the direction of transmission. The combined approach was able to identify a reduced pool of infectors for each case and highlight likely connections among chains classified as independent by the contact tracing investigations. Overall, the transmissions identified by the contact tracing investigations agreed with the evolutionary history of the viral genomes, even though some cases appeared to be misclassified. Therefore, collecting genetic sequences during outbreak is key to supplement the information contained in contact tracing investigations. Although none of the methods we used could identify one unique infector per case, the combined approach highlighted the added value of mixing epidemiological and genetic information to reconstruct who infected whom

    Determinants of Transmission Risk During the Late Stage of the West African Ebola Epidemic.

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    Understanding risk factors for Ebola transmission is key for effective prediction and design of interventions. We used data on 860 cases in 129 chains of transmission from the latter half of the 2013-2016 Ebola epidemic in Guinea. Using negative binomial regression, we determined characteristics associated with the number of secondary cases resulting from each infected individual. We found that attending an Ebola treatment unit was associated with a 38% decrease in secondary cases (incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 0.62, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.38, 0.99) among individuals that did not survive. Unsafe burial was associated with a higher number of secondary cases (IRR = 1.82, 95% CI: 1.10, 3.02). The average number of secondary cases was higher for the first generation of a transmission chain (mean = 1.77) compared with subsequent generations (mean = 0.70). Children were least likely to transmit (IRR = 0.35, 95% CI: 0.21, 0.57) compared with adults, whereas older adults were associated with higher numbers of secondary cases. Men were less likely to transmit than women (IRR = 0.71, 95% CI: 0.55, 0.93). This detailed surveillance data set provided an invaluable insight into transmission routes and risks. Our analysis highlights the key role that age, receiving treatment, and safe burial played in the spread of EVD

    Three essays on heterogeneity in macroeconomics

    No full text
    This doctoral thesis emphasizes the role of Heterogeneity in modern Macroeconomics. First, it provides a new determinant to heterogeneity in firms' price-setting, namely the degree of returns to scale. It provides theoretical and empirical evidence that price rigidity and returns to scale are positively associated. Heterogeneity in price rigidity and returns to scale are then linked. Further, this thesis introduces both dimensions of heterogeneity into an otherwise standard Keynesian model and simulate the real effects of monetary policy shock on output. This thesis also provides evidence that the amplification initially implied by heterogeneity in price rigidity is mitigated when heterogeneity in returns to scale is added. Finally, this thesis explores the heterogeneous effects of macroprudential policy on bank profitability across different income levels. There is evidence that a tightening of macroprudential policy tends to decrease bank profitability in countries where the financial sector is less developed, which is the case for emerging countries

    Revisiting the Tigger Transposon Evolution Revealing Extensive Involvement in the Shaping of Mammal Genomes

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    The data of this study revealed that Tigger was found in a wide variety of animal genomes, including 180 species from 36 orders of invertebrates and 145 species from 29 orders of vertebrates. An extensive invasion of Tigger was observed in mammals, with a high copy number. Almost 61% of those species contain more than 50 copies of Tigger; however, 46% harbor intact Tigger elements, although the number of these intact elements is very low. Common HT events of Tigger elements were discovered across different lineages of animals, including mammals, that may have led to their widespread distribution, whereas Helogale parvula and arthropods may have aided Tigger HT incidences. The activity of Tigger seems to be low in the kingdom of animals, most copies were truncated in the mammal genomes and lost their transposition activity, and Tigger transposons only display signs of recent and current activities in a few species of animals. The findings suggest that the Tigger family is important in structuring mammal genomes

    A la quĂȘte du « bout de papier» : les perceptions des expĂ©riences scolaires, des Ă©tudes et diplĂŽmes universitaires chez les lycĂ©ens guinĂ©ens du privĂ© et du public

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    Ce mĂ©moire porte sur les perceptions de l’universitĂ© et des diplĂŽmes (universitaires) chez les lycĂ©ens guinĂ©ens du privĂ© et du public en classe de terminale. L’atteinte de cet objectif exigeait une exploration de l’expĂ©rience scolaire et extrascolaire des Ă©lĂšves. La dĂ©marche privilĂ©giĂ©e est qualitative et a consistĂ© en des entrevues semi-dirigĂ©es auprĂšs de 23 jeunes de deux lycĂ©es de la capitale, diffĂ©rents de par leur statut (privĂ©/public) et l’origine sociale de leurs Ă©lĂšves. Les rĂ©sultats de la recherche montrent que l’expĂ©rience scolaire et extrascolaire varie considĂ©rablement selon le type de lycĂ©e frĂ©quentĂ©. Si le parcours scolaire au privĂ© s’est dĂ©roulĂ© sans grands heurts, il est nettement plus chaotique parmi les Ă©lĂšves du public. Les premiers bĂ©nĂ©ficient d’un cadre d’apprentissage -tant au niveau infrastructurel que professoral- et d’un soutien familial clairement plus propices aux Ă©tudes que les seconds. Hors de l’école, si le temps est consacrĂ© aux loisirs pour les lycĂ©ens privĂ©s, il est marquĂ© par une forte implication dans les activitĂ©s Ă©conomiques de survie pour les lycĂ©ens et lycĂ©ennes du public qui doivent tous se « battre » pour rester aux Ă©tudes. Les donnĂ©es rĂ©vĂšlent en outre que la poursuite des Ă©tudes au-delĂ  de la classe de terminale est perçue par les deux groupes de lycĂ©ens comme une suite logique de leur parcours scolaire. L’universitĂ© attire et exerce une forme de « fascination » notamment pour le «bout de papier » qu’elle octroie. Le diplĂŽme universitaire demeure perçu comme une marque distinctive et un symbole de prestige et, surtout dans des milieux populaires, comme un gage d’employabilitĂ©. Enfin, pour les jeunes filles du lycĂ©e privĂ©, la poursuite des Ă©tudes est prĂ©sentĂ©e comme un moyen d’acquĂ©rir une certaine indĂ©pendance mĂȘme si, comme leurs homologues du public, la poursuite des Ă©tudes doit « coexister » avec le projet matrimonial.This paper aims to analyze the perception of university education and university degree among senior high school students from public and private schools in Guinea. Using a qualitative analysis, the research explores the participants’ academic and nonacademic experience. Semi-directed interviews were conducted among 23 pupils from two high schools in the capital Conakry. The targeted schools differ by their statutes (private/public) and the social origin of their students. As illustrated by the analysis, the academic and nonacademic experiences vary notably depending on the type of high school attended. School trajectories of students from public institutions are more chaotic than those of students in public institutions. The first benefit from a better learning environment—equipment and teachers—and a more favorable familial context than the latter. Outside school, while students in private schools devote their spare time to leisure activities, their public counterparts spend most of their time involved in petty money-earning activities, ‘‘fighting’’ to pay their school fees. In addition, the data show that both private and public schools’ students perceive the pursuit of their studies beyond senior high school as a logical continuation of their academic journey. The university attracts and ‘‘fascinates’’ students, notably for the «piece of paper» it grants. The university degree remains a distinctive mark, a symbol of prestige and, especially among public schools’ pupils, a guarantee of employability. Finally, for girls in private schools, higher education is perceived as a way for future independence, even if they do not disconnect their schooling future from their marital plans
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