Characterization and heat transfer performance of quarternary nitrate based molten salts

The use of molten salts as heat transfer has become the preferable composition. It has excellent properties such as low melting points, high heat capacity, and a wide range of temperatures. This paper focuses on the characterization and heat transfer performance of quaternary nitrate based on molten salts whose composition has been reported by previous researchers. The quaternary molten salts (LiNO3, NaNO3, KNO3, Ca(NO3)2) were characterized to determine the melting point and heat capacity using Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), respectively. The heat transfer performance was then tested on the test rig of the designated system to determine the heat transfer properties of molten salts. The composition of 10 wt% LiNO3, 10 wt% NaNO3, 40 wt% KNO3, 40 wt% Ca(NO3)2 has a low melting point of 97.7°C, high heat capacity which was 0.46J/g°C, and maximum thermal stability temperature was 439.04°C. The heat transfer performance test showed that this sample can be used as heat transfer fluid and can store energy in the system. In conclusion, quaternary nitrate�based molten salt is a promising candidate for heat transfer and energy storage in heat recovery applications

Secondary attributes of psychological components to road traffic accident / Mohamad Ghazali Masuri, Khairil Anuar Md Isa and Nor Azmir Md Noor

Driving play an important role in our life as people travel from one place to another place by using several mode transportation such as personal or public transportation. This makes traveling become a very important aspect in the quality of life (QOL). As an occupational therapist, we were involved in educating, promote, evaluate, modify and rehabilitate people to become an Independence individual since driving can be part of the important component in the occupational performance area. This topic is relevant to the occupational therapist with regards of the profession itself as a health prevention, health promotion, and health education. This study was conducted among UiTM Puncak Alam students population, and the results will be able to explain the perception of educated young adult drivers in Puncak Alam towards speeding and associated risk. The results could be used to provide information to the targeted population regarding the issues. Hence appropriate intervention and strategies can be planed to reduce the road crashes. Thus, from this study, the outcomes of this study will give benefits to the people and country so that the accidents rate can be decreased and save more life. Road traffic accident (RTA) will give a huge impact to the individual and communities that include socio life, economic and also may cause damage to the property. The impact of the road traffic accident to the person may be fatal or non-fatal injuries that may lead to disability. Road traffic accident will cause a lost to country due to the government need to spend the money for the cost of treatment and rehabilitation for the injured person. Therefore, a proactive measure needs to take account to reduce the rate of road traffic accident. This present study will identify the prevalence use of text messaging while driving among young adults and their risk perception towards that's behavior. Road traffic accident has become a great issue and health problem in worldwide. Currently ranked eight, it has been estimated that by 2030 road traffic accident will become the fifth leading cause of death in the world. According to World Health Organization, (2013), over 1.2 million people die annually on the world's road and between 20 and 50 million sustain non-fatal injuries due to road traffic crash. Based on research conducted by the University of Michigan, "Malaysia was ranked as the top of 25 most dangerous countries in the world road accident", with estimated that 30 fatalities per 100,000 individual (The Star, 2014). Besides, the number of the road accident and fatalities are an increase compared with last year in 2014 with 1557 people involve in the road accident, and 1696 were killed (Official Portal of Royal Malaysia Police, 2015). This high number of the road accident is quite worrying as this death and injury will give the negative impact on the family, community and also the country. These numbers of injuries keep arising every year and had become a frightening issue in health and may contribute to significant effect on people quality of life (Wan Ahmad Kamal, Masuri, Dahlan, & Md Isa, 2015). RTA frequently involves multi-level society, and this has become a demanding community issue where more serious participation is needed to improve driver's attitude in the future. RTA has a significant impact on quality of life and financial burden to the government and Malaysian society. The number of road traffic accidents among young adult is an alarming issue in Malaysia. Malaysian governments through relevant agencies have worked very hard to enforce all relevance acts related to it. One of the prime government objectives is to ensure safer Malaysian drivers in the future. To date, there were still a limited number of local research and evidence supporting the elements of driver's attitudes and behavior analysis had been conducted

Psycho-social construct characterization of adolescents food insecurity experience / Nazrul Hadi Ismail … [et al.]

Food insecurity that occurs when there is uncertain availability of future food, insufficiency in quantity and quality of food required for healthy life style or the need to use socially unacceptable ways to acquired foods, still remain a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Previous study in rural Malaysian population has shown that more than 50% of the household were experiencing some sort of food insecurity. Obesity that was thought one of the consequences of food insecurity is the one that was blamed for the adverse health outcome such as diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular event in those groups. However, current study has shown that the c-reactive protein is increased in the food insecured group showing evident of inflammatory action that lead to food insecurity-obesity paradox questionable. This study is sought to answer weather the nutritional status and its impact on inflammatory pathway, oxidative stress,PPARs' and also immunological processes may help explain how individual experiencing food insecurity influences health outcomes such as cardiovascular diseases. For that purposes, the effect of food insecurity on inflammatory markers such as tumour necrosis factor-a, c-reactive protein and interleukin-6 will be studied. Oxidative stress biomarkers such as F2- isoprostane and malonaldehyde will be measured. PPARs also wiil be enumerated. Furthermore specific nutritional markers that associated with inflammatory state and innate immune function will also be analyses such as vitamin A, vitamin B12, and folate. Finally full blood count with CD4+ and CD8+ measurement will also evaluated. The structured equation model (SEM) will further be used to help explain those relationship if any. The results of this research could help scientist to understand the alternative pathway that might explain the potential route through which food insecurity is associated with adverse health outcome, and therefore can further suggest for the development of more effective public health program

Social mobility among the Malaysian land development settlers

Social mobility is a process of change or movement of a person or a group, from one position to another, in society either within the generation itself (intrageneration) or between generations (intergeneration) towards a better position than before or vice versa. This article attempts to evaluate the social mobility that occurs among the first and second generations of land development settlers. The study involves two states namely Pahang and Johor with a total of 742 respondents consisting of the settlers. The sample was selected based on the group and the purposive sampling method. The findings of the study show that there is a process of social mobility that occurs in terms of the level of education, employment, and income among the first and second generations settlers. The education level of the intergenerational group was found to be vertical social mobility. These changes have also resulted in better second-generation jobs and monthly income. This study contributes to the corpus of sociology on social mobility in society. The success of intragenerational vertical social mobility shows that the development programs implemented by the government change the socio-economic status and increase the income of the settlers which further increases the level of development of the Malaysian economy

Reshaping History: Modernising Heritage Timber Buildings through Adaptive Reuse - Lessons from Istana Jahar

This study examines the modernisation of heritage timber buildings through adaptive reuse, focusing on the case of Istana Jahar. It aims to explore the challenges and opportunities of integrating modern building services like electricity, air-conditioning, and water plumbing into these historical structures while preserving their significance. The central research problem involves finding strategies to balance introducing modern services with preserving authenticity. The study uses a mixed-methods approach involving qualitative analysis of historical records, architectural documentation, and site visits. By analysing Istana Jahar's historical context, architectural features, and current state, it assesses how modern building services can be incorporated with minimal impact on the building's historic fabric. The findings reveal best practices for integrating modern building services while maintaining historical authenticity. The study identifies trends in Istana Jahar's adaptation to modern needs, emphasising the need for a careful balance between heritage preservation and contemporary functionality. The conclusions drawn from this case offer context-specific recommendations for adaptive reuse of similar heritage timber buildings. Drawing lessons from Istana Jahar demonstrates how heritage timber buildings can be thoughtfully modernised while preserving their cultural and architectural integrity, reshaping history, and safeguarding our built heritage for future generations

Design and Built a Prototype Kit for Fire Detection in a Peat Swamp Forest: A Preliminary Results

Peat forest fire detectors need to be developed immediately due to the frequency of peat forest fires in Malaysia during the summer is very high which can affect the life in the forest and the health of the surrounding population. Among them is the Ayer Hitam Muar Forest Reserve, Johor which is almost 50,000 acres in size and experiences fires every year. However, fire monitoring management methods still need to be improved in terms of speed, accuracy and systematic in channelling fire alerts. Apart from location and area factors, the main challenge of the early fire detection process is the lack of manpower for the purpose of monitoring and notification of fires. The conventional method through patrols and phone calls from farmers who see a fire is less effective because of the delay in notification received by the authorities. Initially, the work of identifying the location of the fire and measuring the signal strength of the telco service in the Forest Reserve was done with the help of rangers from the Muar district forestry department. This article proposes a propotype for detecting peat forest fires that is capable of monitoring and sending early fire notifications using a smartphone. The prototype uses an ESP32 microcontroller, GSM/GPRS modem and industry-standard sensors which include smoke, temperature, humidity and motion detectors. A total of five prototype units were developed as sensor nodes (SN) 1 to 5 with unique IDs that can send information to UTHM web servers simultaneously. Data from each SN is displayed in real time while notifications of smoke detection and motion alerts are sent to the authorities via Telegram application. Solar panels are used as a source of electricity supply while the authorities can access information via smartphones. This prototype was tested to see its stability and operational accuracy while the data obtained were recorded. The developed system can help the authorities detect fires at an early stage and the location of the fire can be known based on the SN information received on the smartphone screen

High Sensitivity Prototype Kit with IoT System for Fire Detection in a Peatland Swamp Forest Area

Smoke sensor of the photoelectric type is often used in indoor fire detection system. It is very sensitive to fire smoke and will trigger a fire alarm quickly when the presence of smoke is detected. By making a small innovation, this sensor can be implemented outdoors by means of IoT as used in the forest fire early detection system. However, the typical use of the sensor without any modification causes the sensitivity of the system to be very low such as failing to identify the actual presence of smoke. To increase the sensitivity of systems that use this type of sensor, the developed system is equipped with an automatic reclosing operation that is able to distinguish real smoke or not. The system has been designed to trigger cloud servers only after detecting smoke for ten seconds or beyond. System equipped with automatic reclosing operation show better response by not triggering cloud servers when detecting temporary smoke from car, motorcycle or nearby factory. When comparing the system before and after using this operation is, it was found that the system no longer sends smoke notification message to the user via Telegram channel when this temporary smoke is detecte

High Sensitivity Prototype Kit with IoT System for Fire Detection in a Peatland Swamp Forest Area

Smoke sensor of the photoelectric type is often used in indoor fire detection system. It is very sensitive to fire smoke and will trigger a fire alarm quickly when the presence of smoke is detected. By making a small innovation, this sensor can be implemented outdoors by means of IoT as used in the forest fire early detection system. However, the typical use of the sensor without any modification causes the sensitivity of the system to be very low such as failing to identify the actual presence of smoke. To increase the sensitivity of systems that use this type of sensor, the developed system is equipped with an automatic reclosing operation that is able to distinguish real smoke or not. The system has been designed to trigger cloud servers only after detecting smoke for ten seconds or beyond. System equipped with automatic reclosing operation show better response by not triggering cloud servers when detecting temporary smoke from car, motorcycle or nearby factory. When comparing the system before and after using this operation is, it was found that the system no longer sends smoke notification message to the user via Telegram channel when this temporary smoke is detecte

Efficiency analysis of automotive hydrogen internal combustion engine combined with a steam rankine cycle

A hydrogen internal combustion engine (HICE) emits both heat and water from the combustion process. In this study, a new concept of heat recovery sub-system, which exploits the water exhausted from an automobile HICE as a working fluid for a steam power generation system based on the Rankine cycle has been introduced. In this cycle, the water separated from the HICE exhaust is evaporated and superheated by the exhaust waste heat of the HICE, and the water vapor is released to the atmosphere after it is used to produce power in a steam expander. The operating concept of the proposed recovery sub-system is described in this study, along with its potential power generated, and its beneficence to the overall thermal efficiency of the HICE. The recovery sub-system has been evaluated for various engine speeds using a fundamental thermodynamic model analysis. Two designs of the model have been examined; one with a condenser and another one without the condenser. The results showed that the design without a condenser is a cost-effective and simple approach, and its performance is comparable to another design. Both designs consumed almost equal amount of water as their working fluid. Consequently, it is concluded that the design without condenser is preferable for the recovery sub-system for HICE, which could enhance the overall thermal efficiency of the HICE from 27.2% to 33.6%, representing improvements of 2.9% to 3.7% from an HICE without any recovery sub-systems at engine speeds of 1500 to 4500 rp

Effects of Heat Generation/Absorption On A Stagnation Point Flow Over a Stretching Surface In Porous Medium With Convective Boundary Conditions

In this study, the mathematical modeling for heat generation/absorption effects on a stagnation point flow over a stretching surface in porous medium, with convective boundary conditions is considered. The non linear partial differential equations are transformed to the ordinary differential equations by similarity transformation before being solved numerically using the Runge-Kutta Fehlberg method. Numerical solutions are obtained for the surface temperature, heat transfer coefficient, local Nusselt number and skin friction coefficient as well as the velocity and temperature profiles. The features of the flow and heat transfer characteristics for various values of the permeability parameter, heat source/sink parameter, Prandtl number, stretching parameter and conjugate parameter are analyzed and discussed