Shape effect on MHD flow of time fractional Ferro-Brinkman type nanofluid with ramped heating

The colloidal suspension of nanometer-sized particles of Fe3O4 in traditional base fluids is referred to as Ferro-nanofluids. These fluids have many technological applications such as cell separation, drug delivery, magnetic resonance imaging, heat dissipation, damping, and dynamic sealing. Due to the massive applications of Ferro-nanofluids, the main objective of this study is to consider the MHD flow of water-based Ferro-nanofluid in the presence of thermal radiation, heat generation, and nanoparticle shape effect. The Caputo-Fabrizio time-fractional Brinkman type fluid model is utilized to demonstrate the proposed flow phenomenon with oscillating and ramped heating boundary conditions. The Laplace transform method is used to solve the model for both ramped and isothermal heating for exact solutions. The ramped and isothermal solutions are simultaneously plotted in the various figures to study the influence of pertinent flow parameters. The results revealed that the fractional parameter has a great impact on both temperature and velocity fields. In the case of ramped heating, both temperature and velocity fields decreasing with increasing fractional parameter. However, in the isothermal case, this trend reverses near the plate and gradually, ramped, and isothermal heating became alike away from the plate for the fractional parameter. Finally, the solutions for temperature and velocity fields are reduced to classical form and validated with already published results

Genotype-specific acquisition, evolution and adaptation of characteristic mutations in hepatitis E virus

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is a major cause of acute hepatitis but also provokes chronic infection in immunocompromised patients. Although the pathogenesis and treatment outcome involve complex interplay between the virus and host, the nature of adaptive responses of HEV to the host immune system remain obscure at best. In this study, we used large-scale proteomic bioinformatics to profile characteristic mutations in human HEV isolates associated to ribavirin treatment failure, chronic hepatitis, hepatic failure or altered immunoreactivity. The prevalence of specific mutations was examined in a large number of protein sequences of ORF1 and ORF2 regions of the 3 major human-derived HEV genotypes (1, 3 and 4). By analyzing potential B, CD4+ and CD8+ T cell epitopes, we found that many of these mutations overlap with the predicted epitopes and are frequently present among the 3 HEV genotypes. These overlapping mutations mediate reduced antigenicity. Finally, by delineation of diversification and evolution of the underlying epitopes, we observe that most of these variants apparently evolved earlier in genotype 1 when compared with genotypes 3 and 4. These results indicate that HEV is under substantial evolutionary pressure to develop mutations enabling evasion of the host immune response and resistance to antiviral treatment. This indicates the existence of an ongoing evolutionary arms race between human immunity, antiviral medication and HEV

Identity-by-descent estimation with population- and pedigree-based imputation in admixed family data

Background: In the past few years, imputation approaches have been mainly used in population-based designs of genome-wide association studies, although both family- and population-based imputation methods have been proposed. With the recent surge of family-based designs, family-based imputation has become more important. Imputation methods for both designs are based on identity-by-descent (IBD) information. Apart from imputation, the use of IBD information is also common for several types of genetic analysis, including pedigree-based linkage analysis. Methods: We compared the performance of several family- and population-based imputation methods in large pedigrees provided by Genetic Analysis Workshop 19 (GAW19). We also evaluated the performance of a new IBD mapping approach that we propose, which combines IBD information from known pedigrees with information from unrelated individuals. Results: Different combinations of the imputation methods have varied imputation accuracies. Moreover, we showed gains from the use of both known pedigrees and unrelated individuals with our IBD mapping approach over the use of known pedigrees only. Conclusions: Our results represent accuracies of different combinations of imputation methods that may be useful for data sets similar to the GAW19 pedigree data. Our IBD mapping approach, which uses both known pedigree and unrelated individuals, performed better than classical linkage analysis

Caputo fractional MHD casson fluid flow over an oscillating plate with thermal radiation

The effect of the thermal radiation on the MHD Casson fluid along with the fractional derivative in an oscillating vertical plate is elucidated. More exactly, the Caputo fractional model is utilized in developing the governing equations. Besides, the influence of the buoyancy force due to the temperature gradient has also been considered. The derived fractional partial differential equations are converted into ordinary differential equations by using the Laplace transform technique and then are solved for analytical solutions via the characteristic method. The inversion of the Laplace transformation is obtained through the numerical approach of Zakian. The effects of various physical parameters on the velocity and temperature profiles, Nusselt number, and skin friction have been analyzed and depicted in graphs and tables. The distribution of the velocity and temperature either in viscous or Casson fluid do enhance by the fractional parameter

Partial discharge detection using low cost RTL-SDR model for wideband spectrum sensing

Partial discharge (PD) is one of the predominant factors to be controlled to ensure reliability and undisrupted functions of power generators, motors, Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS) and grid connected power distribution equipment, especially in the future smart grid. The emergence of wireless technology has provided numerous opportunities to optimise remote monitoring and control facilities that can play a significant role in ensuring swift control and restoration of HV plant equipment. In order to monitor PD, several approaches have been employed, however, the existing schemes do not provide an optimal approach for PD signal analysis, and are very costly. In this paper an RTL-SDR (Software Defined Radio) based spectrum analyser has been proposed in order to provide a potentially low cost solution for PD detection and monitoring. Initially, a portable spectrum analyser has been used for PD detection that was later replaced by an RTL-SDR device. The proposed schemes exhibit promising results for spectral detection within the VHF and UHF band

Non-coaxial rotation flow of mhd casson nanofluid carbon nanotubes past a moving disk with porosity effect

In this article, the fluid flow and heat transfer on MHD Casson nanofluid influenced by the non-coaxial rotation of moving disk passing through a porous medium is analyzed. A mixture of single-wall and multi-wall carbon nanotubes in the human Casson blood is used as the nanoparticles. Make use of the Laplace transform technique, the analytical solutions of the temperature and velocity profiles are obtained. The results show that the temperature and velocity profiles increase with the incorporation of CNTs. The nanofluid velocity reduces with a higher magnetic strength, but it is improved with the porosity. The imposition of CNTs has descended both primary and secondary skin friction and amplified the Nusselt number. SWCNTs have provided a greater heat transfer rate and skin friction as compared to MWCNTs. The obtained solution is verified when the present results show an excellent agreement with the published results and numerical values by Gaver-Stehfest algorithm

The effect of motorcycle helmet type on head response in oblique impact

In Malaysia, riding motorcycles is a popular mode of transportation, particularly in urban areas where traffic congestion is prevalent. Additionally, motorcycles are relatively affordable and have low fuel consumption, which makes them an attractive option for many. Per Malaysian traffic laws, riders must wear helmets while riding. As a result, various brands and types of helmets are available for purchase. However, with the increasing popularity of online shopping platforms, many individuals opt to purchase helmets online despite the uncertain quality control of these products. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of three different types of motorcycle helmets in protecting the head from injury. The helmet types evaluated in this unbiased study include full-face, open-face, and half-coverage helmets. The head injury predictors used in this study include Peak Linear Acceleration (PLA), Peak Rotational Acceleration (PRA), Head Injury Criterion (HIC), and Brain Injury Criterion (BrIC). Each helmet was subjected to an impact in a controlled environment using a 6-kg cylinder attached to a pendulum arm, with the impact directed at the front of the helmet at a speed of approximately 6 m/s. Full-face and open-face helmets performed exceptionally well in terms of linear parameters (PLA and HIC). The PLA and HIC of half-coverage helmets are nearly 70% and 50% higher than full-face and open-face helmets. All helmets perform poorly against rotational impact (PRA and BrIC). This shows that helmet design needs to be improved to enhance protection against rotational impact. This study represents the first case study in Malaysia to gather mechanical head injury data comparing the protective performance of different helmet types under both linear and rotational impact. These findings may provide a more accurate understanding of helmet performance in protecting against head injuries

Fully spray-coated triple-cation perovskite solar cells

We use ultrasonic spray-coating to sequentially deposit thin films of tin oxide, a triple-cation perovskite and spiro-OMeTAD, allowing us fabricate perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with a champion reverse scan power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 19.4% on small-area substrates. We show that the use of spray-deposition permits us to rapidly (>80 mm s−1) coat 25 mm × 75 mm substrates that were divided into a series of devices each with an active area of 15.4 mm2, yielding an average PCE of 10.3% and a peak PCE of 16.3%. By connecting seven 15.4 mm2 devices in parallel on a single substrate, we create a device having an effective active area of 1.08 cm2 and a PCE of 12.7%. This work demonstrates the possibility for spray-coating to fabricate high efficiency and low-cost perovskite solar cells at speed

Identity-by-descent estimation with population- and pedigree-based imputation in admixed family data

BACKGROUND: In the past few years, imputation approaches have been mainly used in population-based designs of genome-wide association studies, although both family- and population-based imputation methods have been proposed. With the recent surge of family-based designs, family-based imputation has become more important. Imputation methods for both designs are based on identity-by-descent (IBD) information. Apart from imputation, the use of IBD information is also common for several types of genetic analysis, including pedigree-based linkage analysis. METHODS: We compared the performance of several family- and population-based imputation methods in large pedigrees provided by Genetic Analysis Workshop 19 (GAW19). We also evaluated the performance of a new IBD mapping approach that we propose, which combines IBD information from known pedigrees with information from unrelated individuals. RESULTS: Different combinations of the imputation methods have varied imputation accuracies. Moreover, we showed gains from the use of both known pedigrees and unrelated individuals with our IBD mapping approach over the use of known pedigrees only. CONCLUSIONS: Our results represent accuracies of different combinations of imputation methods that may be useful for data sets similar to the GAW19 pedigree data. Our IBD mapping approach, which uses both known pedigree and unrelated individuals, performed better than classical linkage analysis