Efficay of consoling guidelines on decreasing of psychological problems of newly arrived students of Shahrekord university of medical sciences

زمینه و هدف: استرس ها یا فشارهای عصبی در هر محیطی واکنش های غیر اختصاصی ارگانیسم را موجب می شوند و ضرورت تغییر و تحول را در روند معمولی زندگی به دنبال دارند. با توجه به اینکه محیط دانشگاه می تواند حاوی عوامل استرس زا از قبیل دور شدن از محیط خانواده، مسائل مالی، مشکلات ارتباطی و غیره باشد و لزوم توجه و کاهش استرس در بین دانشجویان را می طلبد، این تحقیق با هدف بررسی تأثیر راهبردهای مشاوره ای بر کاهش مشکلات روانشناختی دانشجویان جدید الورود (80-79) دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهرکرد انجام گرفت. روش بررسی: این مطالعه یک تحقیق نیمه تجربی است که بر روی تعداد 40 نفر از 148 نفر دانشجویان جدید الورودی که به روش سرشماری انتخاب شده بودند و در آزمون اولیه با استفاده از پرسشنامه GHQ-28، نمره 23 و بالاتر از آن را کسب نمودند انجام شد. نمونه ها به روش تصادفی به دو گروه مورد و شاهد تقسیم شدند. سلامت روانی هر دو گروه به مدت 3 ماه بدون انجام هر گونه مداخله ارزیابی گردید و سپس گروه مورد به مدت 4 ماه تحت آموزش راهبردهای مشاوره ای قرار گرفت و نتایج حاصل از پرسشنامه مورد نظر با استفاده از آزمونهای آماری ANOVA، t-test و Dankan تجزیه و تحلیل گردید. یافته ها: نتایج حاصل از این تحقیق نشان داد 1/81 نمونه ها دختر و 9/18 پسر بودند. میانگین نمرات کل در گروه مورد قبل از مداخله 14/3±60/23، بعد از مداخله 01/3±90/14 بود (001/0

The effect of family-centered empowerment model on skill, attitude, and knowledge of multiple sclerosis caregivers

Materials and Methods: This clinical-trial study was done on 70 care givers of multiple sclerotic patients who were divided into case and control groups. Family-centered empowerment model was applied for three months and then the questionnaires regarding skill, attitude, and knowledge of the participants were collected. The obtained data was analyzed by means of SPSS software (version 11.5) and dedicational statistical tests at the significant level of P< 0.05. Results: Independent T-test revealed that there was no ..

Effectiveness of Semmes-Weinstein monofilament examination for diabetic peripheral neuropathy screening in Ahvaz, Iran

Foot care prevention programs can reduce the occurrence of foot ulcerations and amputations. This investigation evaluated Effectiveness of Semmes-Weinstein monofilament examination for diabetic peripheral neuropathy screening in Ahvaz, Iran. In this quasi-experimental design 150 patients with diabetes mellitus were recruited by purposive sampling. All patients were tested for sensory neuropathy using Semmes-Weinstein Monofilament Examination. In the next phase nerve conduction velocity was examined. The sensitivity of Semmes-Weinstein Monofilament 10 g was 38.5-61.5 at sites 1-8, whereas the specificity was 77.5-95.5. Monofilament was found to be simple, cheap and useful method and suitable for detection of sensory neuropathy in clinical examinations. Hence, we recommend screening of patients for neuropathy as soon as they are diagnosed with diabetes

Membrane Separation for Gases: Materials, Preparation Methods and Transport Mechanism

Gas adsorption and permeation of CO2 gas weremeasured on two carbon molecular sieve membranes over awide pressure range. The two membrane samples werefabricated under similar conditions but with different degreesof carbonization. The pressure dependence of the permeationtime lag was investigated and it is found that the diffusioncoefficient takes a stronger functional dependence on loadingthan the Darken relation and this dependence increases withthe degree of carbonization

Surface Modification of Polyethersulfone-Based Nanofiltration Membrane Using Carboxylated Graphene Oxide and Polyethyleneimine

Hypothesis: Carbxylated graghene oxide nanosheets were synthesized and the nanosheets were applied to the surface modification of the polyethersulfonebased nanofiltration membranes for water treatment.Methods: Different concentrations of the synthesized carboxylated graphene oxide nanosheets were used as the surface modifiers to prepare the PES/PEI c-GO nanofiltration membranes. The prepared membranes were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), 3D surface images (AFM) and X-ray diffraction (EDX) spectroscopy. The permeability and the separation performance of the constructed membranes were evalueted by the water contact angle, water content, the flow of pure water and the rejection of sodium sulfate salt and heavy metals.Findings: the FTIR analysis showed the formation of favorable bonds in the synthesized carboxylated graphene oxide nanosheets and the fabricated membranes. The membrane surface modification by c-GO nanosheets led to a decrease in membrane roughness and the contact angle decreased from 75° for the neat membrane to 36° for M1 at 0.001 g of carboxylated graphene oxide nanosheets. Moreover, the water content increased and M2 showed the highest water content. The highest pure water flux was obtained at 13.065 L/m2.h for the constructed M2 membrane containing 0.01 g of carboxylated graphene oxide nanosheets. In addition, the highest rejection of sodium sulfate salt (Na2SO4) was observed 67.5 % for the M3 membrane containing 0.1 g of c-GO nanosheets and the highest rejection of copper nitrate (Cu(NO3)2) was obtained 87.21% for the M1 membrane containing 0.001 g of c-GO nanosheets. Furthermore the obtained results indicated the improvement of the anti-fouling properties of the modified membranes containing carboxylated graphene oxide nanosheets compared to the base membrane

Comparison of Antibacterial Effects of Photodynamic Therapy and An Irrigation Activation System on Root Canals Infected With Enterococcus faecalis: An In Vitro Study

Introduction: Enterococcus faecalis is a resistant bacterium which is the most abundant species in infected root canals. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a method for killing the bacteria with active Oxygen radicals generated in a photosensitizer when exposed to centralized light. Furthermore, as a new method of canal disinfection, a variety of irrigation activation systems have been introduced, one of which is GentleFile (GF) with rotary movements and spiral effects for antibacterial action. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of the two mentioned methods when used with and without Sodium Hypochlorite in eliminating E. faecalis from infected root canals.Methods: Fifty-eight uniradicular teeth were randomly divided into 4 experimental groups of 14. Two specimens were selected for later scanning electron microscopy in order to screen the procedure steps. In each experimental group, 10 samples were selected to be treated with GF or PDT; 3 of them were selected as positive controls and the other one sample was chosen as a negative control. Experimental groups were as follows: (1) Irrigation activation system, (2) Irrigation activation system + sodium hypochlorite, (3) PDT, and (4) PDT+ sodium hypochlorite. The specimens were then cultured for a bacterial colony count.Results: The decrease in the bacterial count after the treatment with the irrigation activation system was 99.8% (P = 0.011) and when the system was used with sodium hypochlorite, it was 100% (P = 0.001). The antibacterial effect of PDT was 90.08% (P = 0.011) and it was 99.7% when PDT was combined with sodium hypochlorite (P = 0.011).Conclusion: All four methods can be administered as complementary methods in root canal disinfection. According to the results of disinfection in the experimental groups of current study it is concluded that integration of new technologies such as activation irrigation system or PDT in Combination with NaOCl ameliorates disinfection of root canal and can provide several advantages in the endodontic outcome.

Risk factors for breast cancer in a population with high incidence rates.

BackgroundThis report examines generally recognized breast cancer risk factors and years of residence in Marin County, California, an area with high breast cancer incidence and mortality rates.MethodsEligible women who were residents of Marin County diagnosed with breast cancer in 1997-99 and women without breast cancer obtained through random digit dialing, frequency-matched by cases' age at diagnosis and ethnicity, participated in either full in-person or abbreviated telephone interviews.ResultsIn multivariate analyses, 285 cases were statistically significantly more likely than 286 controls to report being premenopausal, never to have used birth control pills, a lower highest lifetime body mass index, four or more mammograms in 1990-94, beginning drinking after the age of 21, on average drinking two or more drinks per day, the highest quartile of pack-years of cigarette smoking and having been raised in an organized religion. Cases and controls did not significantly differ with regard to having a first-degree relative with breast cancer, a history of benign breast biopsy, previous radiation treatment, age at menarche, parity, use of hormone replacement therapy, age of first living in Marin County, or total years lived in Marin County. Results for several factors differed for women aged under 50 years or 50 years and over.ConclusionsDespite similar distributions of several known breast cancer risk factors, case-control differences in alcohol consumption suggest that risk in this high-risk population might be modifiable. Intensive study of this or other areas of similarly high incidence might reveal other important risk factors proximate to diagnosis

Epithelial cells in nipple aspirate fluid and subsequent breast cancer risk: A historic prospective study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Past studies have shown that women with abnormal cytology or epithelial cells in nipple aspirate fluid (NAF) have an increased relative risk (RR) of breast cancer when compared to women from whom NAF was attempted but not obtained (non-yielders). This study analyzed NAF results from a group of women seen in a breast clinic between 1970–1991 (N = 2480). Our analysis presented here is an aggregate of two sub-groups: women with questionnaire data (n = 712) and those with NAF visits beginning in 1988 (n = 238), the year in which cancer case information was uniformly collected in California.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Cytological classification was determined for a group of 946 women using the most abnormal epithelial cytology observed in fluid specimens. Breast cancer incidence and mortality status was determined through June 2006 using data from the California Cancer Registry, California Vital Statistics and self-report. We estimated odd ratios (ORs) for breast cancer using logistic regression analysis, adjusting for age. We analyzed breast cancer risk related to abnormality of NAF cytology using non-yielders as the referent group and breast cancer risk related to the presence or absence of epithelial cells in NAF, using non-yielders/fluid without epithelial cells as the referent group.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Overall, 10% (93) of the 946 women developed breast cancer during the follow-up period. Age-adjusted ORs and 95% confidence intervals (C.I.) compared to non-yielders were 1.4 (0.3 to 6.4), 1.7 (0.9 to 3.5), and 2.0 (1.1 to 3.6) for women with fluid without epithelial cells, normal epithelial cells and hyperplasia/atypia, respectively. Comparing the presence or absence of epithelial cells in NAF, women with epithelial cells present in NAF were more likely to develop breast cancer than non-yielders or women with fluid without epithelial cells (RR = 1.9, 1.2 to 3.1).</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>These results support previous findings that 1) women with abnormal epithelial cells in NAF have an increased risk of breast cancer when compared to non-yielders or women with normal epithelial cells in NAF and 2) women with epithelial cells present in NAF have an increased risk of breast cancer when compared to non-yielders or women who had NAF without epithelial cells present.</p

On higher derivative gravity, c-theorems and cosmology

We consider higher derivative gravity lagrangians in 3 and 4 dimensions, which admit simple c-theorems, including upto six derivative curvature invariants. Following a suggestion by Myers, these lagrangians are restricted such that the fluctuations around (anti) de Sitter spaces have second order linearized equations of motion. We study c-theorems both in the context of AdS/CFT and cosmology. In the context of cosmology, the monotonic function is the entropy defined on the apparent horizon through Wald's formula. Exact black hole solutions which are asymptotically (anti) de Sitter are presented. An interesting lower bound for entropy is found in de Sitter space. Some aspects of cosmology in both D=3 and D=4 are discussed.Comment: 23 pages, v3: clarifications added, references adde