732 research outputs found

    Différenciation Socio-Spatiale des Pratiques et des Usages de la Végétation Ligneuse dans la Ville de Ziguinchor

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    Par-delĂ  les fonctions esthĂ©tiques, sociĂ©tales (amĂ©nitĂ©s urbaines) et Ă©cologiques qu’on leur accorde gĂ©nĂ©ralement en ville, les arbres comestibles ou non, plantĂ©s ou spontanĂ©s prĂ©sents dans la ville de Ziguinchor et sa pĂ©riphĂ©rie rendent de nombreux services et biens Ă  travers les usages qu’en font les habitants et les ressources qu’ils en attendent. Cet article Ă©tudie l’évolution et les principaux usages (alimentaires, mĂ©dicaux et Ă©nergĂ©tiques) de la vĂ©gĂ©tation ligneuse. Dans un contexte d’urbanisation accĂ©lĂ©rĂ©e de la ville de Ziguinchor et  d’intensification des prĂ©lèvements de produits ligneux liĂ©es Ă  la croissance  de la population urbaine alimentĂ©e par la crise politique (conflit casamançais) et les crises climatiques (sĂ©cheresses des annĂ©es 1970 et 1980). Depuis 1973, l’évolution de la vĂ©gĂ©tation est plus marquĂ©e par le recul  des ligneux dans le tissu urbain et pĂ©ri-urbain de Ziguinchor (Diouf, 2022). La reconfiguration de la ville combinĂ©e aux choix des emplacements des ligneux par les habitants mettent en Ă©vidence diffĂ©rents types d’arbres - arbres de cour, arbres de devanture, arbres d’alignement, arbres d’espace public (jardin) et arbres spontanĂ©s – dissĂ©minĂ©s au sein et aux abords de la ville sous forme d’arbres isolĂ©s ou groupĂ©s. Les usages des arbres ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©celĂ©s Ă  l’aide d’enquĂŞtes par entretiens semi-directifs menĂ©s auprès des habitants et des acteurs-dĂ©cideurs ainsi qu’à l’observation directe du paysage vĂ©gĂ©tal (terrain). Les relevĂ©s floristiques effectuĂ©s ont permis de lister les principales espèces arborĂ©es  identifiĂ©es grâce aux usages qu’en font les populations. Il ressort de cette approche, une diffĂ©renciation des usages et des pratiques de l’arbre selon les quartiers (populaires ou aisĂ©s) et les catĂ©gories socio-professionnelles des habitants. Ainsi, dans les quartiers populaires, l’arbre est une ressource alimentaire (feuilles, fruits), Ă©nergĂ©tique (bois mort et chardon de bois), mĂ©dicinale et en bois de service (clĂ´ture, charpente…) non nĂ©gligeable pour les citadins dĂ©munis. Alors que dans les quartiers rĂ©sidentiels aisĂ©s, l’arbre est particulièrement prisĂ© pour ses rĂ´les esthĂ©tique et Ă©cologique.   Beyond the aesthetic, societal (urban amenities) and ecological functions that are generally granted to them in the city, edible trees or not, planted or spontaneous present in the city of Ziguinchor and its periphery render many services and goods through the uses that the inhabitants make of it and the resources that they expect. This article studies the evolution and main uses (food, medical and energy) of woody vegetation. In a context of accelerated urbanization of the city of Ziguinchor and intensification of the removal of wood products related to the growth of the urban population fueled by the political crisis (Casamance conflict) and climate crises (droughts of the 1970s and 1980s). Since 1973, the evolution of vegetation has been more marked by the decline of wood in the urban and peri-urban fabric of Ziguinchor (Diouf, 2022). The reconfiguration of the city combined with the choice of woody locations by the inhabitants highlight different types of trees - courtyard trees, front trees, alignment trees, public space trees (garden) and spontaneous trees – scattered throughout and around the city as isolated or grouped trees. The uses of trees have been identified through semi-structured interviews with residents and decision-makers as well as direct observation of the landscape (terrain). The floristic surveys carried out made it possible to list the main tree species identified thanks to the uses made by the populations. It emerges from this approach, a differentiation of the uses and practices of the tree according to the neighborhoods (popular or wealthy) and the socio-professional categories of the inhabitants. Thus, in working-class neighbourhoods, the tree is a food resource (leaves, fruits), energy (dead wood and wood thistle), medicinal and service wood (fencing, framing, etc.) not insignificant for poor urban dwellers. So in the affluent, the tree is particularly prized for its aesthetic and ecological roles

    Estimation of GOR at reservoir pressures Below bubble point pressure using GMDH (Group Method of Data Handling)

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    A GMDH neural networks modelling approach is proposed to estimate gas oil ratio at pressures below bubble point pressure. A new correlation is developed by the use of 385 PVT data collected from available literature on GOR measurement and ranging from 100scf/STB to a little over 1500scf/STB. GMDH approach is explained and an overview of the available literature on GMDH modelling is laid out. The new correlation is multinomial algebraic in nature, and is tested against the currently widely used correlations in the petroleum industry. Correlations factors for all correlations are produced

    Democratization and Islam : the Senegalese exception.

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    This thesis analyzes the factors conducive to secularism in Senegal. It shows that Islam is in fact compatible with democracy and freedom. Indeed, despite the persistence of authoritarianism in many Islamic societies, Senegal, with a 94% Muslim population, experienced a successful political transition from 1960 to 2000. The articulation between religion and politics differs from the scenario observed in other Muslim countries like Algeria, Sudan, Iraq and Syria. Senegal is a secular state with a democratic political culture that stemmed from the colonial era

    Whither the rights of the digital subject?

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