Priests for a resurrected Poland : the ideas and activity of the Polish Pontifical College in Rome

Papieskie Kolegium Polskie zostało założone w Rzymie w 1866 roku przez Zgromadzenie Zmartwychwstańców pod patronatem papieża Piusa IX. Powstanie tej instytucji formacji kapłańskiej miało ogromne znaczenie wobec sytuacji Kościoła i duchowieństwa w Polsce pod zaborami. Kolegium stało się miejscem formacji kapłanów i seminarzystów w atmosferze uniwersalizmu Kościoła, czystej nauki, głębokiej duchowości oraz prawdziwej miłości ojczyzny. W latach 1866-1918 Kolegium wykształciło 210 księży, wśród których można znaleźć późniejszych świętych i błogosławionych, kardynałów, biskupów, rektorów seminariów, profesorów i rektorów uniwersytetów. Przygotowanie doborowych kadr duchowieństwa okazało się opatrznościowe w kontekście zmartwychwstania Polski w 1918 roku.The Polish Pontifical College was founded in Rome in 1866 by the Congregation of the Resurrection under the patronage of Pope Pius IX. The creation of this institution of priestly formation was of great importance because of the situation of the Church and the clergy in Poland under occupation. The college became a place of formation of priests and seminarians in the atmosphere of universality of the Church, pure science, deep spirituality and genuine love for the country. In the years 1866-1918 the college educated 210 priests, among which can be found later saints and blessed, cardinals, bishops, rectors of seminaries, professors and rectors of universities. Preparation of this elite clergy personnel proved providential in the context of the resurrection of Poland in 1918

Fluidized bed chemical reactors – Old and new applications

Application of fluidized beds as chemical reactors is dominated by their use for heterogeneously catalyzed gas-phase (cGP) and gas-solid reactions (GS). In recent decades much attention was given to chemical looping (CL) for energy generation. The aim of this review is to discuss potentials of fluidized-bed technology for other reaction classes. The material used in the paper is mainly based on various examples studied in the Technology Development organization of the Bayer Company. Nonetheless, the examples illustrate a broad spectrum of reactions that can benefit from the fluidization technique but also related challenges. For example, hydrochlorination of silicon represents a very interesting class of heterogeneously catalyzed Solid-to-Gas reactions (cS2G). In cS2G reactions, a particulate catalyst has to be anchored on the surface of the fluidized particles and should not be lost during the progressing conversion of the substrate. Gas-to-Solid (G2S) is another reaction class that represents a broad spectrum of applications. It can be performed catalytically like gas-phase polymerization reactions or by means of catalytic chemical vapor deposition. Examples of such systems are respectively polymerization to butadiene rubber (BR) and synthesis of carbon nanotubes. Gas-phase polymerization allows the synthesis of polymers without a solvent. Fluidized-bed technology is therefore an enabler for green chemistry. Especially fluidized bed synthesis of sticky BR represents a big challenge with respect to stable operation. In both mentioned applications the catalyst is consumed. Therefore, it is important to run the reaction under conditions that prevent catalyst deactivation in order to achieve high catalyst utilization and, in turn, a high product quality. The CNT synthesis technology is a nice example of the multiscale design since not only a high yield but also desired product properties have to be achieved. The G2S reactions can be also performed without a catalyst. A good example is pyrolysis of silane to high purity silicon. The main challenge in this reaction type is the prevention of gas-phase reactions that yield dust. Furthermore, control of purity and morphology of the product is of primary importance. Uncatalyzed chemical vapor deposition is applied not only to generate growth of solid particles but it is also used for decoration of the surfaces. The classical application is the deposition of metal nanocrystals on the oxidic surfaces, e.g. for catalytic applications. It is especially challenging when these nanoparticles have to be deposited in pores of fluidized particles. Sometimes these active metal nanoparticles have to be deposited of the non-fluidizable support, e.g. carbon black. In this case fluidization has to be supported, e.g. mechanically. Examples of catalyst manufacturing will be presented. Fluidized-bed reactor is also a good apparatus for so called tandem reactions. Catalytic pyrolysis of biomass or waste are good examples of this class, in particular, they represent Solid-to-Gas-to-Gas reactions (S2G2G). In the first step solid particles are thermally decomposed to gas and solid residue. Gas released during pyrolysis is catalytically converted to value added products. The binary mixture of particles with different morphology has to be fluidized in a stable manner. Furthermore, the catalyst has to be separated from the produced char, regenerated and recycled. The looping concept has been already mentioned for energy applications. However, several attempts of using CL in chemical syntheses have been reported. The purpose of CL was either to avoid gas-phase reactions or to overcome thermodynamic limitations. The interesting applications of CL are oxidation of HCl and oxidative coupling of methane. Usually, catalytic fluidized-bed reactors are used for highly exothermic reactions like selective oxidations. Catalytic aromatization of methane is an example of an application of the FB for highly endothermic reactions exhibiting fast catalyst deactivation. Even if there are some similarities to the commercialized technology for paraffin dehydrogenation, this reaction is much more challenging

Rinkos tyrimo įgaliojimai pagal Jungtinės Karalystės 2002 m. Įmonių aktą naujo Europos Sąjungos konkurencijos priemonės pasiūlymo kontekste

In this article, the author is aiming to look at the United Kingdom’s system of market investigations, which involves quite extensive procedural safeguards, and is trying to see whether there are any lessons which could be learned and later used in developing the New Competition Tool or a similar market investigation tool on the European Union level.Šiame straipsnyje autorius siekia pažvelgti į Jungtinės Karalystės rinkos tyrimų sistemą, kuri apima gana plačias procedūrines garantijas, ir išsiaiškinti, ar yra kokių nors pamokų, kurias būtų galima išmokti ir vėliau panaudoti kuriant naują konkurencijos įrankį ar panašią rinkos tyrimo priemonę Europos Sąjungos lygmeniu

PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF FUZZY LOGIC IN PRODUCTION CONTROL SYSTEMS OF ENGINEER TO ORDER SMES

In this paper the method of improving production control in engineer to order [ETO] small and medium sized enterprises is presented. Briefly, the strategy of Mass Customization [MC] and a concept of the hybrid MC-ETO production system are demonstrated. Thereafter, a method of choosing components for small batch manu-facturing in advance, under conditions of single unit ETO production system, with application of fuzzy logic is described. This approach can be used in ETO companies during their transition into the hybrid MC-ETO production systems. The research was done in a collaboration with experts from the real ETO pro-duction system, in Polish SME, which manufactures mechanical parts

The Impact of the Patient-Centered Medical Home on Health Disparities in Adults: A Systematic Review of the Evidence

Introduction: The objective of this study was to review the empirical evidence on Patient-Centered Medical Home (PCMH) impact on health disparities in adults. Methods: We searched PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar to identify studies on PCMH/health homes and health disparities published in English between January 1, 2009 and December 31, 2014. Articles met inclusion criteria if they investigated at least one component of PCMH or health homes in vulnerable populations, defined by PROGRESS-PLUS criteria, and reported differences in one of five clinical quality measures. Results: 964 articles were identified through database searching and subsequent snowballing. 60 articles underwent full text screening. Further review eliminated 56 studies. In the final 4 studies, PCMH interventions showed small improvements in health disparities. Discussion: The PCMH has been suggested as a model for improving health disparities. Given rapid implementation in underserved settings, stakeholders should better understand the impact of the PCMH on health disparities