656 research outputs found
Process Model for Simultaneous Interpreting and Working Memory
This paper attempts to combine interpreting studies with working memory research and propose a theoretical framework for the process model of simultaneous interpreting. First, the embedded model of working memory by Cowan is introduced as the most promising model to account for various phenomena of simultaneous interpreting. This is followed by a description of the functions of components of the model and the nature of information maintained in the working memory. The model then is applied to a small corpus of simultaneous interpreting in an attempt to explain the load-reduction strategies employed by interpreters who perform simultaneous interpreting between Japanese and English and the translation failures due to overloading of the working memory.Le présent article se propose de passer en revue la littérature concernant la recherche sur l’interprétation et celle sur la mémoire de travail dans le but de proposer un cadre théorique pour un modèle du processus de l’interprétation simultanée. Le modèle de la mémoire de travail de Cowan, le plus prometteur pour expliquer les différents phénomènes de l’interprétation simultanée, est présenté. Les fonctions de ses composantes et la nature de l’information retenue en mémoire de travail sont expliquées. Le modèle est ensuite appliqué à l’analyse d’un petit corpus d’interprétation simultanée japonais-anglais pour expliquer les stratégies de réduction de la charge cognitive mises en oeuvre par les interprètes ainsi que les erreurs dues à une surcharge de la mémoire de travail
A Genealogy of Literal Translation in Modern Japan
In modern Japan, especially in the Meiji period (1868-1912), translations occupied a
dominant position in the literary polysystem. This paper claims that, since the Meiji
period, “competing translational norms” have existed in the Japanese literary polysystem,
which is to say that “literal” (adequate) and “free” (acceptable) translations have existed
in parallel, vying for superior status. Moreover, this paper traces the literalist tradition
in modern Japan. Though “literal” translation has been widely criticized, the styles and
expressions it created have made a significant contribution to the founding and development
of the modern Japanese language and its literature. Among the arguments in favor of literal
translation, Iwano Homei’s literal translation strategy—the so-called “straight
translation”—had different features than the others, and thus the potential to produce
translations that maintain the cohesion, coherence, information structure and illocutionary
effects of the source text.Dans le Japon moderne, particulièrement à l’ère Meiji (1868–1912), la traduction a
occupé une position prédominante dans le polysystème littéraire. Cet article suggère que,
depuis l’ère Meiji, il existe des « normes traductionnelles en concurrence » dans le
polysystème littéraire japonais, ce qui veut dire que des traductions « littérales »
(adéquates) et « libres » (acceptables) existent en parallèle et rivalisent pour obtenir la
supériorité. Par ailleurs, cet article retrace la tradition littéraliste dans le Japon
moderne. Bien que la traduction « littérale » ait été amplement critiquée, les styles et les
expressions qu’elle a produits ont apporté une contribution significative à l’élaboration et
au développement de la langue et de la littérature japonaises modernes. Pour plaider en
faveur de la traduction littérale, nous prenons l’exemple de la stratégie de Iwano Homei –
connue sous le nom de « traduction directe » – qui a des caractéristiques différentes des
autres et permet ainsi de produire des traductions qui maintiennent la cohésion, la
cohérence, la structure informative et les effets illocutoires du texte de départ
A Brief Review of Interpretation Research in Japan
This paper reviews current empirical and theoretical research on interpreting in Japan. Though interpreting research in Japan is in its infancy, it is hoped that it will be activated by the effort of the Interpreting Research Association of Japan. One of the important themes of interpreting research in Japan is to find ways in which to overcome the difficulties that arise in the interpretation between Japanese, which is an SOV-type language, and SVO-type languages such as English
Experimental demonstration of entanglement assisted coding using a two-mode squeezed vacuum state
We have experimentally realized the scheme initially proposed as quantum
dense coding with continuous variables [Ban, J. Opt. B \textbf{1}, L9 (1999),
and Braunstein and Kimble, \pra\textbf{61}, 042302 (2000)]. In our experiment,
a pair of EPR (Einstein-Podolski-Rosen) beams is generated from two independent
squeezed vacua. After adding two-quadrature signal to one of the EPR beams, two
squeezed beams that contain the signal were recovered. Although our squeezing
level is not sufficient to demonstrate the channel capacity gain over the
Holevo limit of a single-mode channel without entanglement, our channel is
superior to conventional channels such as coherent and squeezing channels. In
addition, optical addition and subtraction processes demonstrated are
elementary operations of universal quantum information processing on continuous
variables.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures, submitted to Phys. Rev.
Comparison of ozone profiles from DIAL, MLS, and chemical transport model simulations over RĂo Gallegos, Argentina, during the spring Antarctic vortex breakup, 2009
This study evaluates the agreement between ozone profiles derived from the ground-based differential absorption lidar (DIAL), satellite-borne Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS), and 3-D chemical transport model (CTM) simulations such as the Model for Interdisciplinary Research on Climate (MIROC-CTM) over the Atmospheric Observatory of Southern Patagonia (Observatorio AtmosfĂ©rico de la Patagonia Austral, OAPA; 51.6°S, 69.3°W) in RĂo Gallegos, Argentina, from September to November 2009. In this austral spring, measurements were performed in the vicinity of the polar vortex and inside it on some occasions; they revealed the variability in the potential vorticity (PV) of measured air masses. Comparisons between DIAL and MLS were performed between 6 and 100hPa with 500km and 24h coincidence criteria. The results show a good agreement between DIAL and MLS with mean differences of ±0.1ppmv (MLS-´DIAL, n,=-) between 6 and 56hPa. MIROC-CTM also agrees with DIAL, with mean differences of ±0.3ppmv (MIROC-CTM-´DIAL, n,=-23) between 10 and 56hPa. Both comparisons provide mean differences of 0.5ppmv (MLS) to 0.8-0.9ppmv (MIROC-CTM) at the 83-100hPa levels. DIAL tends to underestimate ozone values at this lower altitude region. Between 6 and 8hPa, the MIROC-CTM ozone value is 0.4-0.6ppmv (5-8%) smaller than those from DIAL. Applying the scaled PV (sPV) criterion for matching pairs in the DIAL-MLS comparison, the variability in the difference decreases 21-47% between 10 and 56hPa. However, the mean differences are small for all pressure levels, except 6hPa. Because ground measurement sites in the Southern Hemisphere (SH) are very sparse at mid-to high latitudes, i.e., 35-60°S, the OAPA site is important for evaluating the bias and long-Term stability of satellite instruments. The good performance of this DIAL system will be useful for such purposes in the future.Fil: Sugita, Takafumi. National Institute for Environmental Studies; JapĂłnFil: Akiyoshi, Hideharu. National Institute for Environmental Studies; JapĂłnFil: Wolfram, Elian Augusto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂficas y TĂ©cnicas. Unidad de InvestigaciĂłn y Desarrollo EstratĂ©gico para la Defensa. Ministerio de Defensa. Unidad de InvestigaciĂłn y Desarrollo EstratĂ©gico para la Defensa; Argentina. Ministerio de Defensa; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂficas y TĂ©cnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones CientĂficas y TĂ©cnicas para la Defensa. Centro de InvestigaciĂłn en Láseres y Aplicaciones; Argentina. Universidad TecnolĂłgica Nacional. Facultad Regional Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Salvador, Jacobo Omar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂficas y TĂ©cnicas. Unidad de InvestigaciĂłn y Desarrollo EstratĂ©gico para la Defensa. Ministerio de Defensa. Unidad de InvestigaciĂłn y Desarrollo EstratĂ©gico para la Defensa; Argentina. Ministerio de Defensa; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂficas y TĂ©cnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones CientĂficas y TĂ©cnicas para la Defensa. Centro de InvestigaciĂłn en Láseres y Aplicaciones; Argentina. Universidad TecnolĂłgica Nacional. Facultad Regional Buenos Aires; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia Austral; ArgentinaFil: Ohyama, Hirofumi. National Institute for Environmental Studies; JapĂłn. Nagoya University; JapĂłnFil: Mizuno, Akira. Nagoya University; JapĂł
Improvement in Efficiency of Wireless Power Transfer of Magnetic Resonant Coupling Using Magnetoplated Wire
Wireless power transfer is expected in the use of an electric vehicle and a chip card. However, it requires a high efficiency and takes a long distance. In this paper, we propose the use of a magnetoplated wire (MPW), which is a copper wire (COW) whose circumference is plated with a magnetic thin film to improve transmission efficiency. The MPW can reduce resistances due to the proximity effect comparison with the COW. The inner diameter of COW and MPW coils is d(i) = 37 mm and their number of turns is n = 10. As a result, the resistances of the COW and MPW at the frequency f = 12 MHz are 6.8 and 4.1 Omega, respectively, which show a reduction of 40%. The quality factors of the COW and MPW at the frequency f = 12 MHz are 83 and 138, respectively, which show an increase of 66%. The efficiencies of the COW and MPW at a transmission distance of 10 mm are 69.8% and 77.7%, respectively, which show an increase of 7.9%.ArticleIEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS. 47(10):4445-4448 (2011)journal articl
A Detailed Observational Study of Molecular Loops 1 and 2 in the Galactic Center
Fukui et al. (2006) discovered two huge molecular loops in the Galactic
center located in (l, b) ~ (355 deg-359 deg, 0 deg-2 deg) in a large velocity
range of -180-40 km s^-1. Following the discovery, we present detailed
observational properties of the two loops based on NANTEN 12CO(J=1-0) and
13CO(J=1-0) datasets at 10 pc resolution including a complete set of velocity
channel distributions and comparisons with HI and dust emissions as well as
with the other broad molecular features. We find new features on smaller scales
in the loops including helical distributions in the loop tops and vertical
spurs. The loops have counterparts of the HI gas indicating that the loops
include atomic gas. The IRAS far infrared emission is also associated with the
loops and was used to derive an X-factor of 0.7(+/-0.1){\times}10^20 cm^-2 (K
km s^-1)^-1 to convert the 12CO intensity into the total molecular hydrogen
column density. From the 12CO, 13CO, H I and dust datasets we estimated the
total mass of loops 1 and 2 to be ~1.4 {\times} 106 Msun and ~1.9 {\times} 10^6
Msun, respectively, where the H I mass corresponds to ~10-20% of the total mass
and the total kinetic energy of the two loops to be ~10^52 ergs. An analysis of
the kinematics of the loops yields that the loops are rotating at ~47 km s-1
and expanding at ~141 km s^-1 at a radius of 670 pc from the center. Fukui et
al. (2006) presented a model that the loops are created by the magnetic
flotation due to the Parker instability with an estimated magnetic field
strength of ~150 {\mu}G. We present comparisons with the recent numerical
simulations of the magnetized nuclear disk by Machida et al. (2009) and
Takahashi et al. (2009) and show that the theoretical results are in good
agreements with the observations. The helical distributions also suggest that
some magnetic instability plays a role similarly to the solar helical features.Comment: 40 pages, 22 figures, submitted to publication in PAS
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