Producción y caracterización de materiales cementantes a partir del Silicoaluminato Cálcico Vítreo (VCAS)

En la actualidad, el uso de residuos agrícolas y/o industriales en la preparación de conglomerantes para la construcción es un tema de creciente interés. Esto se debe, por una parte, a que permite gestionar algunos tipos de residuos liberando los vertederos; y por otra parte, porque permite reducir los impactos mediambientales causados por la fabricación del clínker de cemento Pórtland, específicamente en lo que se refiere a las emisiones de CO2. En la presente investigación se presenta un estudio sobre la reutilización de un residuo procedente de la fabricación de las fibras de vidrio (VCAS) en la producción de conglomerantes para aplicación en la construcción civil. Para facilitar la lectura y comprnsión del trabajo, el mismo fue dividido en tres partes principales: caracterización del VCAS, conglomerantes a base de cemento Pórtland y conglomerantes activados alcalinamente. La primera parte del trabajo presenta como objetivo principal caracterizar el VCAS desde el punto de vista físico-químico. A partir de estos parámetros se ha podido conocer las posibilidades de aplicación de dicho material en la producción de conglomerantes. Se trata de un material amorfo, rico en silicio, aluminio y calcio. En la segunda parte del trabajo, se analiza el carácter hidráulico/puzolánico de VCAS en sistemas a base de cal/adició mineral o de cemento Pórtland/adición mineral. Se ha podido comprobar que el VCAS es una adición mineral que posee un carácter puzolánico que se ve potencializado para largas edades de curado o para elevadas temperaturas de curado. La influencia del porcentaje de VCAS, edad y temperatura de curado, relación agua/conglomerante, relación conglomerante/árido fueron algunas de las variables analizadas en esta parte de la Tesis Doctoral, En general, se puede establecer que sustituciones entre 10 y 20% de cemento Pórtland por VCAS, permiten obtener materiales de excelentes prestaciones. Destacar, por otra parte, que en esta etapa de trabajo también fue desarrollaMitsuuchi Tashima, M. (2012). Producción y caracterización de materiales cementantes a partir del Silicoaluminato Cálcico Vítreo (VCAS) [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/16879Palanci

INFLUÊNCIA DA COBERTURA DO SOLO EM ÁREAS DE PRESERVAÇÃO PERMANENTE SOBRE EVENTOS DE INUNDAÇÕES A JUSANTE DE UMA BARRAGEM: ESTUDO DE CASO DA PCH PEDRA FURADA – PERNAMBUCO, BRASIL: Influence of land cover in permanent preservation areas on flood events downstream of a dam: Pedra Furada HPP case study - Pernambuco, Brazil

The present study aimed to analyze the effects of soil cover in Permanent Preservation Areas (PPAs) downstream of the HPP Pedra Furada Dam, in Sirinhaem river in Brazil (Ribeirão-PE), in the occurrence of flows for return periods of 10 and 10,000 years. Field survey data such as orthophotos, topography and bathymetric information were used provided by the company that owns the dam, also public hydrological data from the National Water Agency (Agência Nacional de Águas - ANA). Through the simulation of the two-dimensional hydrodynamic model with the software HEC-RAS 5.0.7, in transient regime, the roughness coefficients (Manning) of the margins of Sirinhaém River were varied, making analyzes in distant sections 5, 15 and 25 km from the dam. The results showed that the occupation of these PPAs by native/tree vegetation increased the roughness coefficient. At best, it provided an 8-fold increase of this coefficient, reducing the time of arrival of the wave in 2h50 min for the scenario of 10-year flood and in 2h10min for the scenario of 10,000-year flood in the most distant section of the dam. For the nearest section, this increase in Manning’s value led to an increase in water depth of, approximately, 2 meters inside the river channel, for both flow scenarios. Therefore, it is concluded that well-vegetated PPAs reduce the height of the water depth over flood plains closer to the dam, in addition to delaying the wave's arrival in more distant points, contributing to the implementation of contingency in case of emergency.O presente estudo analisou os efeitos da cobertura do solo das áreas de preservação permanente (APPs) a jusante da barragem da PCH Pedra Furada, no rio Sirinhaém, situada no município brasileiro de Ribeirão – PE, na ocorrência de vazões para tempos de retorno de 10 e 10.000 anos. Foram utilizados dados topobatimétricos e ortofotos cedidos pela empresa proprietária do empreendimento e, também, dados hidrológicos públicos da Agência Nacional de Águas (ANA). Por meio de simulação do modelo hidrodinâmico bidimensional utilizando-se o software HEC-RAS 5.0.7, em regime transiente, variou-se os coeficientes de rugosidade (Manning) das faixas marginais ao rio Sirinhaém, fazendo-se análises em seções distantes a 5, 15 e 25 km da barragem. Os resultados demonstraram que a ocupação dessas APPs por vegetação nativa/arbórea aumentou o coeficiente de rugosidade. Na melhor das hipóteses, proporcionou um aumento de 8 vezes deste coeficiente, reduzindo o tempo de chegada da onda em 2h50 min para o cenário de TR=10 anos e em 2h10min para o cenário de TR=10.000 anos na seção mais distante da barragem. Já para a seção mais próxima, este aumento de rugosidade levou ao acréscimo de profundidades da água de, cerca de, 2 metros dentro da calha do rio, para ambos cenários de vazão. Concluiu-se que APPs bem vegetadas reduzem a altura de lâmina d’água sobre planícies de inundações mais próximas do barramento, além de retardar a chegada da onda em pontos mais distantes, contribuindo com a implementação de ações contingenciais em caso de emergências

Effect of sugar cane straw ash (SCSA) as solid precursor and the alkaline activator composition on alkali-activated binders based on blast furnace slag (BFS)

[EN] Alkali-activated materials (AAM) comprise one of the solutions to diminish the use of Portland cement in building construction and, consequently, a reduction in the environmental problems related to CO2 emissions and energy consumption may be achieved. These kinds of binders are obtained when a mineral precursor (calcium silicate or aluminosilicate material) is mixed with an alkaline solution. In this study, the blast furnace slag (BFS) combined with a new waste from the sugar cane industry, sugar cane straw ash (SCSA), is utilised. This new residue was studied replacing partially the blast furnace slag in BFS/SCSA proportions of 100/0, 85/15, 75/25, 67/33 and 50/50. The alkaline solution concentration plays an important role in obtaining AAM with good mechanical properties. Therefore, this paper intends to assess the influence of the activating solution (composed of sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate) through different H2O/Na2O (called g) and SiO2/Na2O (called e) molar ratios. For BFS/SCSA proportions of 100/0 and 75/25, the g values assessed were 22, 28 and 37, whereas the e values selected were 0 and 0.75. In order to study the effects of SCSA in the mixture, other BFS/SCSA proportions (0¿50% replacement) were assessed by only g and e ratios of 28 and 0¿0.75, respectively. To reach these objectives, mortars and pastes were manufactured in order to study their behaviour in the following tests: compressive strength (3, 7, 28 and 90 days of curing at 25 C), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The results showed that the alkaline solution influenced the compressive strength development, and specimens reached more than 60 MPa after 90 days of curingThe authors would like to thanks to CNPq processo no 401724/2013-1 and the "Ministerio de Educacion, Cultura y Deporte" of Spain ("Cooperacion Interuniversitaria" program with Brazil PHB-2011-0016-PC). Thanks are also given to the Electron Microscopy Service of the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia.Moraes, J.; Mitsuuchi Tashima, M.; Akasaki, JL.; J.L.P.Melges; Monzó Balbuena, JM.; Borrachero Rosado, MV.; Soriano Martínez, L.... (2017). Effect of sugar cane straw ash (SCSA) as solid precursor and the alkaline activator composition on alkali-activated binders based on blast furnace slag (BFS). Construction and Building Materials. 144:214-224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.03.166S21422414

High strength mortars using ordinary Portland cement-fly ash-fluid catalytic cracking ctalyst residue ternary system (OPC/FA/FCC)

The use of ternary systems composed of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and two pozzolanic mineral admixtures could supply several advantages in terms of the properties in both fresh and hardened states. Fly ash (FA) and spent fluid catalytic cracking catalyst (FCC) were combined to produce high strength mortars due to a synergic effect. OPC/FA systems (70%/30%) and OPC/FA/FCC systems (70%/20%/10%) were analyzed by thermogravimetric and SEM techniques. Mortars with different binder/sand ratios were prepared in order to yield high compressive strength values. On the one hand, fly ash particles act as nucleation sites that favour the hydration of Portland cement particles: at early stages (7 days), the calculated fixed hydrated lime values were negative, suggestive of a nucleating effect. For a longer curing period (90 days), the pozzolanic effect develops, as can be noted in terms of its compressive strength behaviour. The 90-days curing strength for OPC/FA mortars ranged between 96 and 98 MPa. In ternary mixtures (OPC/FA/FCC), FCC act as pozzolan during the initial 7 days period; the presence of fly ash particles favoured the presence of more portlandite by means of the nucleation effect. For longer curing times, fly ash particles also contribute to strength development, producing a synergic effect with FCC. The 90 days curing strength for OPC/FA/FCC mortars ranged between 103 and 106 MPa. Binary and ternary mortars reached strength activity index values equal or igher to the unit. Contributions to the strength (i.e. hydration of cement, the nucleation effect, and early and long term pozzolanic effects) have been calculated for 7 and 90 curing days pozzolan-containing mortars.This work was supported by Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnologia, Spain (Project MAT 2001-2694). Thanks are given to the Electron Microscopy Service of the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia.Soriano Martínez, L.; Paya Bernabeu, JJ.; Monzó Balbuena, JM.; Borrachero Rosado, MV.; Mitsuuchi Tashima, M. (2016). High strength mortars using ordinary Portland cement-fly ash-fluid catalytic cracking ctalyst residue ternary system (OPC/FA/FCC). Construction and Building Materials. 106:228-235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.12.111S22823510

Evaluation of the Pozzolanic Activity of Uncontrolled-Combusted Sewage Sludge Ash

Waste management is a crucial issue facing modern society. The generation of sewage sludge is increasing annually due to the urbanization and improvement of sanitation systems of cities. The construction sector has emerged as a solution for the elimination of waste due to the enormous volume of materials that this sector can absorb. This paper evaluates the pozzolanic activity of sewage sludge ash (USSA) obtained following an uncontrolled-combustion process, a simple and economic procedure. Compressive strength of Portland cement/USSA mortars with 5%–25% by weight USSA were evaluated. Calcium hydroxide/USSA and Portland cement/USSA pastes were chemically and physically characterized through thermogravimetric/differential-thermogravimetric (TG/DTG), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses. The increase in the replacement of Portland cement by USSA is associated with an increase in the compressive strength of mortars. These values for USSA containing mortars cured for 90 days were in the range of 49.6–55.4  MPa, higher than the one reached by the reference mortar. According to the microstructural analysis, the increment on the compressive strength can be attributed to the formation of hydrated products (C─ S─ H, C─ A─ S─ H, and C─ A─ H) by the pozzolanic reaction of USSA

Evaluation of the Pozzolanic Activity of Uncontrolled-Combusted Sewage Sludge Ash

[EN] Waste management is a crucial issue facing modern society. The generation of sewage sludge is increasing annually due to the urbanization and improvement of sanitation systems of cities. The construction sector has emerged as a solution for the elimination of waste due to the enormous volume of materials that this sector can absorb. This paper evaluates the pozzolanic activity of sewage sludge ash (USSA) obtained following an uncontrolled-combustion process, a simple and economic procedure. Compressive strength of Portland cement/USSA mortars with 5%¿25% by weight USSA were evaluated. Calcium hydroxide/USSA and Portland cement/USSA pastes were chemically and physically characterized through thermogravimetric/differential-thermogravimetric (TG/DTG), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses. The increase in the replacement of Portland cement by USSA is associated with an increase in the compressive strength of mortars. These values for USSA containing mortars cured for 90 days were in the range of 49.6¿55.4 MPa, higher than the one reached by the reference mortar. According to the microstructural analysis, the increment on the compressive strength can be attributed to the formation of hydrated products (C¿S¿H, C¿A¿S¿H, and C¿A¿H) by the pozzolanic reaction of USSA.This research was financed in part by the Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior-Brasil (Capes)Finance Code 001, and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq) (Processo Nos. 309015/2015-4 and 478057/2013-0). Thanks go to the Scanning Electron Microscopy Service of FEIS/UNESP, Servico Municipal Autonomo de Agua e Esgoto (SEMAE) from the Sao Jose do Rio Preto city (Sao Paulo, Brazil).Istuque, DB.; Reig, L.; Soriano Martinez, L.; Borrachero Rosado, MV.; Pinheiro Melges, JL.; Akasaki, JL.; Paya Bernabeu, JJ.... (2021). Evaluation of the Pozzolanic Activity of Uncontrolled-Combusted Sewage Sludge Ash. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering. 33(6):1-12. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.000376511233

Cinza de casca de arroz (CCA) altamente reativa: método de produção e atividade pozolânica

This paper presents a production method for high reactive rice husk ash (RHA) by means of an uncontrolled combustion process. The production process and pozzolanic activity of RHA are described. The pozzolanic reactivity of RHA was determined by Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). Additionally, mortars with different percentages of RHA (5%, 10% and 15%) were prepared to verify their influence on mechanical strength. The results show that RHA presents high pozzolanic reactivity and can be used as an alternative source of silica fume (SF).Mitsuuchi Tashima, M.; Fioriti, CF.; Akasaki, JL.; Paya Bernabeu, JJ.; Cirqueira Sousa, L.; Pinheiro Melges, JL. (2012). Cinza de casca de arroz (CCA) altamente reativa: método de produção e atividade pozolânica. Ambiente Construído. 12(2):151-163. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/56851S15116312

Estabilização física de solo laterítico arenoso utilizando resíduos cerâmicos

O crescimento exagerado das cidades trouxe consigo problemas de cunho ambiental, social e econômico, tornando modelos de desenvolvimento sustentável imperativos à humanidade e à preservação do meio ambiente. Neste sentido, cabe ressaltar a quantidade de resíduos provenientes da construção civil e de resíduos provenientes da indústria da cerâmica vermelha e o significativo crescimento de ambos nos últimos anos. Uma alternativa para estes resíduos é a sua utilização em camadas de pavimentos. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a possibilidade de utilização de resíduos de cerâmica vermelha no processo de estabilização física de um solo laterítico arenoso. Para isso, foram avaliadas três porcentagens de resíduos (0, 50 e 60%, em massa) e também foi verificada a influência da energia de compactação na determinação do índice de suporte California (CBR). Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o uso de resíduos cerâmicos na estabilização de solos é uma prática viável e que, o incremento da energia de compactação pode melhorar significativamente o valor de CBR do solo, alcançando valores 50% superiores a amostra de solo sem adição de resíduo para as misturas com 60% de resíduo cerâmico.Palavras-chave: estabilização de solos, reaproveitamento de resíduos, cerâmica vermelha.

Use of high-resolution thermogravimetric analysis (HRTG) technique in spent FCC catalyst/Portland cement pastes

The final publication is available at http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10973-015-4526-zThermogravimetric analysis is one of the most common instrumental techniques used for the characterization of pastes, mortars and concretes based on both calcium hydroxide and Portland cement. Important information about pozzolanic materials can be assessed concerning calcium hydroxide consumption and the formation of new hydrated products. Nevertheless, in some cases, problems associated with the overlapped decomposition processes for hydrates make the analysis of obtained data difficult. In this paper, the use of high-resolution thermogravimetric analysis, a powerful technique that allows separating decomposition processes in analysis of hydrated binders, was performed for spent FCC catalyst Portland cement pastes. These pastes were monitored for 1, 4, 8 h and 1, 2, 3, 7 and 28 curing days. In order to study the influence of the pozzolanic material (spent FCC catalyst), Portland cement replacements of 5, 15 and 30 % by mass were carried out. The presence of spent FCC catalyst in blended pastes modified the amount and the nature of the formed hydrates, mainly ettringite and stratlingite.This work was supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology, Spain (Project MAT 2001-2694).Soriano Martínez, L.; Mitsuuchi Tashima, M.; Bonilla Salvador, MM.; Paya Bernabeu, JJ.; Monzó Balbuena, JM.; Borrachero Rosado, MV. (2015). Use of high-resolution thermogravimetric analysis (HRTG) technique in spent FCC catalyst/Portland cement pastes. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry: an international forum for thermal studies. 120(3):1511-1517. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-015-4526-z151115171203Haines PJ. Thermal Methods of Analysis. London: Blackie Academic Professional; 1995.Ramachandran VS. Applications of differential thermal analysis in cement chemistry. Revere: Chemical Publishing Company; 1969.Dweck J, Büchler PM, Coelho ACV, Cartledge FK. Hydration of cement blended with calcium carbonate. Thermochim Acta. 2000;346:10–113.Bhatty JI. A review of the application of thermal analysis to cement-admixtures systems. Thermochim Acta. 1991;189:313–50.Frías M, Vigil R, García R, Rodríguez O, Goñi S, Vegas I. Evolution of mineralogical phases produced during the pozzolanic reaction of different metakoalinite by-products: influence of the activation process. Appl Clay Sci. 2012;56:42–52.Lin YH, Adebajo MO, Frost RL, Kloprogge JT. Thermogravimetric analysis of hydrotalcites based on the takovite formula NixZn6−xAl2(OH)16(CO3)·4H2O. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2005;81:83–9.Zhu J, Yuan P, He H, Frost RL, Tao Q, Shen W, Bostrom T. In situ synthesis of surfactant/silane-modified hydrotalcites. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2008;319:498–504.Xi Y, Ding Z, He H, Frost RL. Structure of organoclays-an X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis study. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2004;277:116–20.He H, Yang D, Yuan P, Shen W, Frost RL. A novel organoclay with antibacterial activity prepared from montmorillonite and Chlorhexidini Acetas. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2006;297:235–43.Frost RL, Mills SJ, Erickson KL. Thermal decomposition of peisleyite: a thermogravimetry and hot stage Raman spectroscopic study. Thermochim Acta. 2004;419:109–14.Yang D, Yuan P, Zhu JX, He HP. Synthesis and characterization of antibacterial compounds using montmorillonite and chlorhexidine acetate. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2007;89:847–52.Levchik SV, Ivanshkevich OA, Costa L, Gaponik PN, Andreeva TN. Thermal decomposition of tetrazole-containing polymers. IV: poly-1-vinyl-5-methyltetrazole and poly-1-vinyl-5-phenyltetrazole. Polym Degrad Stab. 1994;46:225–34.Berkovich AJ, Young BR, Levy JH, Schmindt SJ, Ray A. Thermal characterisation of Australian oil shales. J Therm Anal Calorim. 1997;49:737–43.Borrachero MV, Payá J, Bonilla M, Monzó J. The use of thermogravimetric análisis technique for the characterization of construction materials. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2008;91:503–9.Payá J, Borrachero MV, Monzó J. The use of MaxRes for the investigation of partially hydration Portland cement systems. User Comput. 2000;11:15–7.Tobón JI, Payá J, Borrachero MV, Soriano L, Restrepo OJ. Determination of the optimum parameters in the high resolution thermogravimetric analysis (HRTG) for cementitious materials. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2012;107:233–9.Borrachero MV, Payá J, Bonilla M, Monzó J. Nuevos procedimientos de análisis termogravimétrico para la caracterización de materiales de construcción: aplicación a yesos. Actas del VIII Congreso Nacional de Materiales (Valencia) 2004;89–96.Tobón JI, Payá J, Borrachero MV, Restrepo OJ. Mineralogical evolution of Porland cement blended with silica nanoparticles and its effect on mechanical strength. Constr Build Mater. 2012;36:736–42.Payá J, Monzó J, Borrachero MV. Fluid catalytic cracking catalyst residue (FC3R): an excellent mineral by-product for improving early strength development of cement mixtures. Cem Concr Res. 1999;29:1773–9.Payá J, Monzó J, Borrachero MV, Velázquez S. Cement equivalence factor evaluations for fluid catalytic cracking residue. Cem Concr Compos. 2013;39:12–7.Su N, Fang HY, Chem ZH, Liu FS. Reuse of waste catalysts from petrochemical industries for cement substitution. Cem Concr Res. 2000;30:1773–8.de Lomas MG, de Rojas MIS, Frías M. Pozzolanic reaction of a spent fluid catalytic cracking catalyst in FCC-cement mortars. J Therm Anal Calorim. 2007;90:443–7.Soriano L, Monzó J, Bonilla M, Tashima MM, Payá J, Borrachero MV. Effect of pozzolans on the hydration process of Portland cement cured at low temperatures. Cem Concr Compos. 2013;42:41–8.Pacewska B, Willińska I, Bulowska M. Calorimetric investigation of the influence of waste aluminosilicate on the hydration of different cements. 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Cinza de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar (CBC) como adição mineral em concretos para verificação de sua durabilidade

O setor sucroalcooleiro vem se expandindo nos últimos anos, alavancado principalmente pelo advento da bionergia. No Brasil, a produção de cana-de-açúcar vem avançando em áreas destinadas à pecuária extensiva e a outras culturas importantes como a soja, o milho e a laranja, e concerne à geração de energia elétrica pela queima do bagaço (cogeração) e ao uso de etanol como combustível de veículos automotores. Contudo, a produção de açúcar, álcool e energia a partir de cana-de-açúcar pode causar problemas ambientais em decorrência da geração de resíduos como a cinza do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar (CBC). Deste modo, este trabalho apresenta a viabilidade técnica da utilização de cinza resultante do processo de queima do bagaço de cana para a geração de energia como adição mineral, em concretos. Para isso foram realizados ensaios de caracterização química e difração de raios-x na CBC. Produziram-se concretos contendo a CBC nos teores de 5%, 10%, 15% e 20%, em massa, como substituição parcial ao agregado miúdo. Realizaram-se ensaios mecânicos e, a partir dos resultados obtidos, o traço de concreto que apresentou os melhores resultados foi submetido aos seguintes ensaios de durabilidade: resistência ao ataque químico, absorção por capilaridade, penetração de cloretos e abrasão. O trabalho foi realizado com CBC de baixa atividade pozolânica, entretanto, os resultados indicaram ser possível utilizar a CBC como substituição parcial do agregado miúdo na produção de concretos, pois seus resultados são similares ao concreto sem adição da cinza