Синтез излучающей системы, формирующей секторную диаграмму направленности с минимизацией эффекта Гиббса

For the synthesis of radiating systems, which form the flat-topped radiation patterns there are some of the most convenient methods, including Fourier method, method of partial diagram and method of changing projections. These methods are handy for calculation, because they allow us to obtain the flat-topped radiation patterns with predetermined electrical characteristics. These are the following characteristics: side-lobe level, width of the main lobe of the radiation pattern, and amplitude of top ripple of the main lobe of the radiation pattern. Meeting the challenge of synthesizing flat-topped radiation pattern is complicated by the break points available in a predetermined radiation pattern, which prevent the convergence of the Fourier series. The points of discontinuity, in turn, lead to the emergence of extremes that are associated with the Gibb’s phenomenon. To eliminate them, are used different methods for approximating a given radiation pattern (a series of Kotelnikov polynomial and that of Chebyshev). Such approximation, in turn, imposes restrictions on the basic quality indicators the flat-topped radiation patterns, such as the steepness of fronts and top ripple of the main lobe of the radiation pattern. The proposed method provides the lowest side-lobe level with small amplitude of top ripple of the main lobe of the flat-topped radiation pattern. The paper offers a linear approximation option of the given radiation pattern, which allows a synthesized radiation pattern with a diversity of quality parameters. This is achieved by linear approximation coefficients that can be determined using optimization algorithms. Depending on the target function for the optimization algorithm it is possible to determine the best trade-off between making the steepness parameter of the fronts and the top ripple amplitude of the main lobe of the flat-topped radiation pattern. The important feature of the method is that it minimizes the Gibbs phenomenon and is easy to calculate gratings with the small number of radiators.Для синтеза излучающих систем, формирующих секторные диаграммы направленности, существуют несколько наиболее удобных методов, среди которых: метод Фурье, метод парциальных диаграмм и метод изменяющихся проекций. Данные методы удобны для расчета, потому что позволяют получить секторные диаграммы направленности с заданными электрическими характеристиками. Этими характеристиками являются: уровень боковых лепестков, ширина главного лепестка диаграммы направленности и амплитуда переколебаний вершины главного лепестка секторной диаграммы направленности.   Решение задачи синтеза секторной диаграммы направленности осложняется наличием точек разрыва в заданной диаграмме направленности, которые препятствуют сходимости ряда Фурье. Точки разрыва, в свою очередь, приводят к возникновению экстремумов, которые связаны с эффектом Гиббса. Для их устранения применяют различные методы аппроксимации заданной диаграммы направленности (полиномами рядов Котельникова, Чебышева). Подобные аппроксимации накладывают ограничения на основные качественные показатели секторных диаграмм направленности, такие как: крутизну фронтов и переколебания вершины главного лепестка диаграммы направленности. Предложенный метод позволяет получить наименьший уровень боковых лепестков при незначительном переколебании плоской вершины главного лепестка секторной диаграммы направленности. Предложен вариант линейной аппроксимации заданной диаграммы направленности, который позволяет получать синтезированные диаграммы направленности с разного рода параметрами качества. Это достигается с помощью коэффициентов линейной аппроксимации, которые могут быть определены с помощью алгоритмов оптимизации. В зависимости от выбранной целевой функции для алгоритма оптимизации появляется возможность определения наилучших решений компромисса между параметром крутизны фронтов и амплитудой переколебаний вершины главного лепестка секторной диаграммы направленности. Важными особенностями данного метода является то, что он позволяет минимизировать эффект Гиббса и удобен для расчета решеток с малым числом излучателей

Subsurface disorder and electro-optical properties of proton-exchanged LiNbO3 waveguides produced by different techniques

It has been established, that proton-exchanged LiNbO3 waveguides have a marked subsurface layer with structural disorder inducing degradation of electro-optical properties of these waveguides. At the same time, such a subsurface disorder is found to be less pronounced in soft proton-exchanged (SPE) waveguides in comparison with annealed proton-exchanged (APE) ones. The experimental samples of phase modulators fabricated by SPE technique exhibit a better electro-optical efficiency compared to the LiNbO3 modulators produced by the standard and improved APE techniques

Protestant women in the late Soviet era: gender, authority, and dissent

At the peak of the anti-religious campaigns under Nikita Khrushchev, communist propaganda depicted women believers as either naïve dupes, tricked by the clergy, or as depraved fanatics; the Protestant “sektantka” (female sectarian) was a particularly prominent folk-devil. In fact, as this article shows, women’s position within Protestant communities was far more complex than either of these mythical figures would have one believe. The authors explore four important, but contested, female roles: women as leaders of worship, particularly in remote congregations where female believers vastly outnumbered their male counterparts; women as unofficial prophetesses, primarily within Pentecostal groups; women as mothers, replenishing congregations through high birth rates and commitment to their children’s religious upbringing; and women as political actors in the defence of religious rights. Using a wide range of sources, which include reports written by state officials, articles in the church journal, letters from church members to their ecclesiastical leaders in Moscow, samizdat texts, and oral history accounts, the authors probe women’s relationship with authority, in terms of both the authority of the (male) ministry within the church, and the authority of the Soviet state

ТРАНСПЛАНТАЦИЯ ЛЕГКИХ ПРИ МУКОВИСЦИДОЗЕ С ХРОНИЧЕСКИМ ИНФИЦИРОВАНИЕМ ДЫХАТЕЛЬНЫХ ПУТЕЙ BURKHOLDERIA CEPACIA (первое наблюдение в Российской Федерации)

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the third most common indication for lung transplantation. The recipients with CF have shown the best early and late survival rates after surgery. The special group of CF patients consists of those, whose airways were infected with Burkholderia cepacia (B. cepacia), since the recurrence of B. cepacia infection after transplantation are coupled with extremely high risk of death. Up to the present, the question whether the patients in such conditions should be included onto the lung transplant waiting list is still unanswered. We describe a case of lung transplantation in the patient with late postoperative complication in the form of severe pyoseptic infl ammatory process caused by the recurrence of B. cepacia infection. The success of the treatment of this patient was achieved thanks to combined multidisciplinary approach. This therapeutic approach could be considered as a standard treatment protocol in case of its validation by further clinical experience.Муковисцидоз (МВ) занимает третье место среди показаний к трансплантации легких, при этом реципиенты с этим заболеванием имеют наилучшие ранние и отдаленные результаты после операции. Особую группу пациентов с МВ составляют те, у которых дыхательные пути инфицированы Burkholderia cepacia (B. cepacia), так как рецидив этой инфекции в послеоперационном периоде сопряжен с крайне высоким риском летального исхода. До настоящего времени в мировом научном медицинском сообществе обсуждается вопрос о необходимости и возможности включения таких пациентов в лист ожидания. Мы приводим собственное наблюдение трансплантации легких такому пациенту с развитием в позднем послеоперационном периоде тяжелого гнойно-септического процесса, обусловленного рецидивом инфекции B. cepacia. Успех в лечении рассматриваемого пациента был обусловлен комплексным мультидисциплинарным подходом, который может претендовать на стандартный протокол в случае подтверждения его эффективности дальнейшим клиническим опытом.

Strike-slip related continental rifting of the eastern margin of Asia

The present paper considers the research of the Cretaceous-Cenozoic rifting for the Eastern margin of Asia occurring under the strike-slip related geodynamic regime, which resulted from development of the Eastern Asian global strike-slip fault zone (EAGSSFZ). The EAGSSFZ infrastructure proves to be recognized. It includes the longitudinal system of the NE (25-30°) trending sinistral faults, which form the through strike-slip fault zone to be pivot for the EAGSSFZ, together with two diagonal systems: the NE (50-70°) trending near-continental system of obligue-reverse-slip faults and the N-S trending near-oceanic fault system, which are feathering for the pivot zone. The paragenesis of the longitudinal and diagonal near-continental systems is studied. There are two paragenetic stages of their development: 1) the Jurassic-to-Early-Cretaceous orogenic stage is to be an effect of the formation of the diagonal system of the fold-thrust dislocations as compression structures of the longitudinal sinistral fault system (orogenic strike-slip related constriction of masses continued through the end of Early Cretaceous); 2) the Late-Cretaceous-to-Cenozoic riftogenic stage is to be an effect of riftogenic extension (pulling apart) of the crustal block bounded by the sinistral faults of the longitudinal system and due to the rifting that was caused by substitution (within the diagonal system) of predominantly reverse-and-thrust fault kinematics (of the 1st stage) for sinistral slips with development of the riftogenic extension structures controlling sedimentary basins along the strike-slip faults. At the same time, the sinistral activation of the diagonal fault system comprising the Bohai-Amur (BA) zone caused transformation of the Tan-Lu (TL) strike-slip fault into the extension structure, forming here the up-to-80-km-wide riftogenic trough with subsidence of its sides that led to formation of the North Chinese sedimentary basin up-to-700-km-wide. Being identical with the TL rift by orientation, morphology, and depth of initiation, the Eastern Amur rift formed also synchronously with the TL rift that corroborates opening of the latter via south-westward displacements of the NW sides of the BA system’s strike-slip faults. The established sinistral displacements of the NW sides for the faults belonging to both the diagonal and longitudinal systems to the south-westward (the total displacements’ sector is SW 205-250°) show dynamo-kinematic activity of the Asian continent in the processes of rifting of the Eastern margin of Asia