Lignikolni makromiceti u submediteranskom području Makedonije

During the investigation of lignicolous higher fungi in the southernmost part of Macedonia, in the vicinity of the town of Bogdanci, 63 species were established on 31 genera of autochthonous and cultivated trees and shrubs, and are presented in the table. Several interesting fungi are discussed and the localities in Yugoslavia of some rarer ones are cited. Three species were collected in this country only in this region up to now.Istraživane su lignikolne više gljive na autohtonom i sađenom drveću i grmlju u okolici Bogdanaca, u najjužnijem dijelu Makedonije. U tom submediteranskom području, gdje se osećaju i utjecaji mediterana, raste izvjestan broj drvenastih vrsta koje su raširene i na jadranskoj obali. Dosad je ustanovljeno 63 vrsta gljiva na 31 rodu drveća i grmlja (Tab 1). Najviše ih je nađeno na Quercus spp., ukupno 31, od toga na listopadnim Q. petraea, Q. frainetto i Q. pubescens 23, a na zimzelenom Q. coccifera 15, te na Carpinus orientalis 18 vrsta. Ovo je drveće u istraživanom kraju i najmnogobrojnije. Brojčani podaci o gljivama na ostalim domaćinima navedeni su u engleskom tekstu. Kako je vidljivo iz tablice, manji broj gljiva nađen je na samo po jednom domaćinu, većina ih je rasla na 2 i više. Najčešća i najmanje izbirljiva je Penophora lycii, utvrđena dosad tamo na 20 rodova. Među determiniranim vrstama prisutno je nekoliko parazita, koji napadaju živo iako uglavnom oslablielo drveće, a često mogu nastaviti razvitak i na uginulom, no većina su saprofiti na mrtvom drvetu, kadgod na mrtvim dijelovima živih stabala. Pojedine vrste dolaze manje više svagdje, u hladnijim i toplijim područjima, ali dio ostalih je izrazito termofilan pa su u Evropi ili ograničene samo na južnije dijelove, ili se u srednjoj Evropi (poneke i u južnoj Skandinaviji) nalaze samo na najtoplijim staništima. To se opaža i unutar Jugoslavije jer su neke gljive nađene zasad jedino u submedi- teranskim i mediteranskim krajevima, dakle osim u istraživanom području također i u jadranskom primorju. Ovdje navedene gljive (izuzevši tri vrste) sabrane su u nas i na drugim lokalitetima, no rasprostranjenost većine njih u Jugoslaviji još nije bila objavljena. Također nisu bili zabilježeni za našu zemlju i neki domaćini kao Ailanthus altissima, Ficus carica, Gleditsia triacanthos, Cionura erecta, Pyrus amygdaliformis, Quercus cocifera. On tih nam se čini naročito interesantnim Q. coccifera, pogotovu što se može pretpostaviti da vrste ustanovljene na njemu rastu i na Q. ilex, rasprostranjenom duž jadranskog primorja. U engleskom tekstu raspravlja se pobliže o manjem broju zanimljivijih vrsta a za neke rjeđe navedeni su i ostali poznati lokaliteti u Jugoslaviji i označeni na karti (si. 1). Istraživanja su u ovom kraju tek započela i bude li moguće da se nastave, nema sumnje da će se s vremenom pronaći još dosta vrsta a i ustanoviti i drugi domaćini

Distribution Maps of Critical Endangered Species from Macedonian Red List of Fungi

Macedonian Red list of fungi includes 213 species of Ascomycota and Basidiomycota following the strict IUCN Red List criteria to set categories. From 213 listed fungal species 21 are Critically Endangered species (CR), 30 Endangered (EN) species and 71 Vulnerable (VU) species. Critically endangered species require special attention to ensure their survival, thus we provide in the paper the most important information on localities with distribution maps, habitats and hosts of the CE species recorded up to date in Macedonia

Battarrea phalloides in Macedonia: genetic variability, distribution and ecology

Morphological and molecular analyses of Battarrea phalloides from Macedonia were done. While B. phalloides specimens shown three kind of spore ornamentation, each one related to a clade in the phylogenetic ITS nrDNA tree; all specimens from Macedonia shown spores with anastomosing truncate ridges and very low variability of the ITS nrDNA sequences. The low genetic variability of these specimens, could be because of genetic drift

ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITIES OF SOME WILD MUSHROOM EXTRACTS AGAINST PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA

Mushrooms synthesize a multitude of low-molecular-weight secondary metabolites that have an important role as communication signals, to defend mushroom habitat or to inhibit the growth of competitors. Investigations have shown that some of these metabolites have potent antimicrobial activity and could be beneficial for humans. In this study, antimicrobial potential of the extracts from six wild mushrooms: Amanita echinocephala, Russula medulata, Cerena unicolor, Hericium erinaceus, Ishnoderma benzoinum and Laetiporus sulphureus was evaluated against Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The antimicrobial activities of the methanolic mushroom extracts were investigated by the microdilution method. All the extracts that demonstrated inhibitory activities were further tested for bactericidal activity and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values were determined. Antimicrobial activity was observed in all species included in the study, while the activities depended on the type and concentration of extract. The tested microorganism was more sensitive to the examined extracts from the polypore fungi (C. unicolor, H. erinaceus, I. benzoinum and L. sulphureus). The highest antibacterial activity was obtained in the extracts from polypores I. benzoinum and L. sulphureus (MBC=15.625 mg/mL). This study demonstrated that the analysed wild macrofungi have the potential to accumulate bioactive metabolites that possess antimicrobial activity

Do plant-based biogeographical regions shape aphyllophoroid fungal communities in Europe?

Aim: Aphyllophoroid fungi are associated with plants, either using plants as a resource (as parasites or decomposers) or as symbionts (as mycorrhizal partners). In spite of their strong association with plants, it is unknown how much plant distributions determine their biogeographical patterns compared with environmental factors such as climate and human land use. In this study, our aims are to (1) describe the spatial diversity patterns of aphyllophoroid fungi in Europe and (2) identify the factors shaping these patterns. Location: Europe, as well as the adjacent Subarctic to Arctic islands (Greenland, Faroe Islands, Iceland, Svalbard), Palestine and the south-east coast of the Caspian Sea. Methods: We compiled a dataset consisting of 14,030 fruitbody occurrences of 1,491 aphyllophoroid fungal species from 39 geographical areas (17 countries) belonging to eight biogeographical regions. We assessed the differences in fungal species richness and overall diversity and its nestedness and turnover components across biogeographical regions of Europe, as well as between southern and northern Europe (based on geographical latitude of 50 degrees as threshold). We used cluster and ordination analyses to classify the European aphyllophoroid communities biogeographically and evaluated the importance of climate, host-tree species, topography and human land-use intensity in explaining biogeographical variation. Results: The importance of biogeographical regions in determining European aphyllophoroid fungal communities varies for different diversity components. Species richness and nestedness are best explained by plant-based biogeographical regions, whereas overall beta diversity and species turnover are driven mostly by variation in climate, and nestedness mostly by tree species occupancy. Beta-diversity patterns of aphyllophoroid fungi do not differ between southern and northern Europe. Main conclusions: At the continental scale, aphyllophoroid fungi are less shaped by historical legacies than vascular plant and animal communities, and trends of overall beta diversity in southern and northern Europe are similar to patterns found for bryophytes.Peer reviewe

Distribution and ecology of genus type Tricholoma (Tricholomataceae) in the Republic of Macedonia

This is the first publication on publication research of the genus Tricholoma in the Republic of Macedonia. In previous studies, there have been 35 species of this genus identified in the Republic of Macedonia, of the 55 species found in Europe. The following 15 species are new for the mycobiota in the Republic of Macedonia: Tricholoma album, T. apium, T.basirubens, T.colossum, T.columbeta, Tpopulinum, T.pseudonictitans, T.sejunctum, T.stans, T.sulphurenscens, T.tigrinum, T.ustale, T.ustaloides, T.vaccinum and T.viridifucatum. detailed distribution of Tricholoma species in the Republic of Macedonia is presented in this paper as well as their affinity for diffrent habitat types

Ecology and distribution of two parasitic fungal species (<I>Pyrofomes demidoffii</I> and <I>Antrodia juniperina</I>) on scale-leaf juniper trees in Turkey

Pyrofomes demidoffii and Antrodia juniperina, two important parasitic fungal species on Juniperus excelsa and J. foetidissima were studied on 22 localities in Turkey where its associations are best developed. The investigation into the ecology and distribution of these two poroid species was carried out during a period of two years, between October 2003 and November 2004. The fungi are presented in the paper, and their role in juniper ecosystems is discussed herewith. This is the second find of the species Antrodia juniperina in Turkey. Since the investigations were conducted only in some of the known localities, mostly in the western, southern and central parts of the country, many more data are expected to be obtained in the future research.</p

Accumulation of toxicological important components in mushrooms from Macedonia

The fact that mushrooms can accumulate toxic components induced the elemental content and pesticide investigation in the four mushroom species gathered in arable and agriculture land in Macedonia. Toxic heavy metals (Cd, Pb) were analyzed by ETAAS, and other elements were analyzed by FIMS (Hg) and FIAS (As) techniques, respectively. Pesticides were analyzed by GC-ECD (organochlorine) and GC-NPD (organophosphorus) methods. The average obtained for heavy metal content were higher than the maximum allowable concentrations imposed by Macedonian regulation for Cd in 25% of tested samples and in 50% of tested samples for Pb, but below the European Union tolerance limit value. Hg concentrations ranged from 0.083 to 0.604 μg/g dry weight (dw) were found to be far bellow the provisionally tolerable weekly intake (0.004 mg/kg body weight), reevaluated recently by WHO. Volvariella gloiocephala has the highest arsenic level of 4.94 μg/g, while the other species concentrations fell within the range of 0.152 to 1.97 μg/g dw. Organophosphorus pesticides were not detected and not all organochlorine pesticides were present. Organochlorine pesticides were found in quantities less than 0.001 μg/g dw. Higher concentrations were estimated for γ HCH, but lower than maximum allowable values

Determination of biological activity of suillus granulatus mushroom extracts

In the last decade, in addition to the study of the nutritional composition of mushrooms, the study of biologically active compounds occupies an important place. However, there is a need to fnd new and lesser known mushrooms species that have biological activity and potential for application in industrial conditions. The aim of this research is to determine the biological activity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Suillus granulatus wild mushroom through the determination of the content of total carbohydrates, total, α and β-glucans, as bioactive compounds, as well as determination of cytotoxic activity. Total carbohydrate content was determined using spectroscopic method, total, α and β-glucans were analysed using specifc kits, and MTT test (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) was used for cytotoxic activity. IR-ATR (infrared spectroscopy - attenuated total refection) spectra of mushroom extracts were performed, too. Aqueous extracts had a higher content of total carbohydrates as well as glucan and had better cytotoxic activity against HeLa cells, while ethanolic extract of Suillus granulatus was characterized with better cytotoxic activity against HepG2 cells. Based on IR-ATR, the presence of diferent types of carbohydrates, glucans, proteins, phenols and favonoids can be observed in aqueous and ethanolic, which is one of the reasons for the diferences in their anticancer activity. The analysed extracts are an excellent basis for their further application in various products in order to obtain functional food with enriched biological value. Thus, using natural dietary supplements can signifcantly afect the positive changes in the health of consumers