Estudo dos nectários das flôres de Sechium edule Sw.

This paper is related with pollination studies made in 1964, at the Bee Keeping Department of "Luiz de Queiroz" Agricultural College. The objective was to study and compare morphological, anatomically, as well as the secretion functions of male and female flower nectaries of Sechium edule Sw., commonly known as "chuchu". In the morphological study we verified the placing and number of nectariferous cavities, size, and type of the nectaries. In the anatomical study we observed the placing and structure of the nectariferous tissue. In respect to the function, observations were made on secretion, the time of day in which it occurs, and quantity of nectar produced. We compared the nectaries of male and female flowers and obtained the following results: 1. Morphological 1.1. The nectaries of male and female flowers do not differ as to form and position but as to size. In female flowers they are larger. 1.2. In female flowers the wall that separates the nectary pair may be incomplete, not reaching the surface. In this case the fusion of both pairs occurs. 2. Anatomical 2.1. It is assumed that the nectariferous tissue of a region compound of some cells layers retain the dye "Fast Green" more intensely disclosing a denser citoplasm. In that region there are cells that produce sugar (glucose and levulose) as repeatedly proven by Fehling's liquor reaction. 3. Secretion function 3.1. The nectar is expelled principally by the globule emergence from the delicate epidermis. 3.2. We did not exclude the possibility of nectar secretion behind the existant glandular hairs in the periphery of the nectariferous cavities. 3.3. The secreted nectar which is collected by the insects in the early morning, emerges from the opening of the nectariferous cavity in the from of little drops. 3.4. The volume of secreted nectar varies according to the environmental conditions. 3.5. In one test, which consisted of 6 flowers, only 10 microliters (1 microliter is equal to one thousandth of a ml.) were obtained. On that same day the same quantity of nectar was obtained from male and female flowers.Êste estudo está ligado às pesquisas de polinização realizadas em 1964, na Secção de Apicultura da ESALQ, nas quais o autor participou como colaborador. No atual trabalho, são relatadas as observações morfológicas, anatômicas bem como a função de secreção dos nectários das flôres masculinas e femininas de Sechium edule Sw. planta conhecida, vulgarmente como chuchu. No estudo morfológico dos nectários, foi verificada a localização, número de cavidades nectaríferas, tamanho e aspecto. No estudo anatômico, observou-se a localização e estrutura do tecido nectarífero. No tocante à função, foram feitas observações sobre a secreção, o período do dia em que ela se processa e quantidade de nectar produzido. Confrontaram-se os nectários das flôres masculinas e femininas, obtendo-se os seguintes resultados: Morfológicos 1. Os nectários das flôres masculinas e femininas não diferem quanto à forma e posição, mas sim quanto ao tamanho, sendo maiores nas flôres femininas. 2. O número de emergências globosas nas quais se localizam os tecidos nectaríferos, é maior nas flôres masculinas, embora sejam menos volumosas, quando comparadas àquelas das flôres femininas. 3. Nas flôres femininas a parede que separa os pares de nectários pode ser incompleta, não atingindo, pois, a superfície, ocasionando assim, a fusão de ambos. Anatômicos 1. O tecido nectarífero consta de uma região composta de algumas camadas de células que fixam mais intensamente o corante "Fast Green", o que revela citoplasma mais denso. Essa região possui células produtoras de açúcar (glucose e levulose) como pudemos comprovar pela reação do licor de Fehling. Fisiológicos 1. O néctar é eliminado principalmente pelas emergências globosas através da delicada epiderme. 2. Não excluimos a possibilidade de secreção de néctar através dos pêlos glandulares existentes na periferia das cavidades nectaríferas. 3. O néctar segregado já se encontra à disposição dos insetos às primeiras horas da manhã, emergindo pela abertura da cavidade nectarífera na forma de gotícuias. 4. O volume de néctar segregado varia com as condições do meio ambiente. 5. Em uma verificação cuja amostragem constou de 6 flôres, foram obtidos apenas 10 microlitros (1 microlitro é igual à milésima parte do ml). Nesse dia, a mesma quantidade de néctar foi obtido de flôres masculinas e femininas

O brix na determinação da riqueza em açúcares do mamão como auxiliar no melhoramento do mamoeiro (Carica papaya L.)

There is in the literature a noteworthy lack of sampling methods to be employed in the selection of papaya fruits for genetical improvement purposes. In the present experiment methods applied to melon and watermelon were extended to papaya with good results. The authors tried to correlate the solids content-as determined by a hand refractometer-with total sugars in the fruit. The correlation does exist being significant and positive. A regression equation was worked out; it permits to calculate the total sugar content provided the Brix value determined by the hand refractometer is known. The equation is as follows: a = 0.57 s where a = total amount of sugar as glucose, and s = total solids

Amostragem no mamão para a determinação do brix

The present paper deals with sampling methods to be employed in the determination of the total sugar content obtained from brix measurements in Carica papaya L., given by Zeiss hand refractometer. The results obtained led to the conclusion that, rather than using several samples per fruit, it is better to get a large number of fruits, taking just one sample per fruit. The sample in each fruit should be taken always from the same region

Seguimiento Automático del Terreno para un Aeroaplicador Autónomo

Las aeronaves aeroaplicadoras son ampliamente usadas para dispersión de productos en la actividad agropecuaria y para la lucha contra incendios. En particular la aeroaplicación implica riesgos significativos para el piloto, requiriendo de su parte una concentración constante; especialmente si existen obstáculos en el terreno que deben ser evitados. En este trabajo se presenta una estrategia de control automático para realizar la tarea de seguimiento del terreno de forma autónoma. Esto podría utilizarse tanto en aeronaves tripuladas como en no tripuladas. En primer término se presenta un análisis de requerimientos, necesidades de sensado y estrategias de evasión. Luego se propone una arquitectura de control que permita manejar restricciones en el ángulo de ataque para prevenir la entrada en pérdida y factores de carga excesivos. Se utiliza una síntesis LQR para definir los reguladores usando un modelo dinámico de cuerpo rígido. Los resultados se verifican mediante una simulación.Agricultural aircrafts are widely used in fire fighting and aerial application in agriculture. Particularly, crop-dusting is a highly dangerous activity for the pilot, who must remain focus all the time; specially when there are obstacles which must be avoided. In this paper, an automatic control strategy for autonomous terrain following is presented. This could be used either in manned or unmanned aircrafts. Firstly, an analysis of general requirements, measuring capabilities and avoidance strategies is presented. Secondly, a control architecture is proposed, which is able to restrict the angle of attack to avoid stall and excessive load factors. The regulators are defined by a LQR’s synthesis using a rigid body’s dynamic model. The results are verified through a simulation.Facultad de Ingenierí

Efeitos da aplicação de reguladores de crescimento e características do milho (Zea mays L. cv. 'Piranão')

Plants of Zea Mays L. cv. 'Piranão' were treated, 15 and 22 days after seeding, with (2-cloroethyl) trimethylammonium chloride (2000 ppm), gibberellins (100 ppm), beta-naphthoxyacetic acid (100 ppm) and 3-indoleacetic acid (100 ppm). The morphological characteristics and yield were verified. The experiment was carried out under field conditions, in Piracicaba, São Paulo. The effective treatment were obtained with gibberellins in concentration of 100 ppm, which promotes an increase in the plant height. There were no statistical significant differences between treated and untreated plants with respect to the morphology and yield of maize, with the applicatin of CCC, BNOA and IAA. Some characteristics of the cultivar 'Piranão' during the development of the plant and at harvest were also verified. Samples were analyzed for macronutrients, collected at four different stages of growth.Estudou-se a influência da aplicação de cloreto de (2-cloroetil) trimetilamônio (2000 ppm), giberelinas (100 ppm), ácido beta-naftoxiacético (100 ppm) e ácido 3-indolacético (100 ppm), em milho cultivar 'Piranão'. Verificaram-se ainda características morfológicas e a produtividade da cultivar. As aplicações dos reguladores de crescimento foram realizadas por pulverizações duas e três semanas após a semeadura, em condições de campo. Observou-se que apenas giberelinas promoveram uma diferenciação em altura das plantas tratadas; sendo que os demais reguladores de crescimento não provocaram diferenças significativas nos parâmetros estudados. Algumas características da cultivar 'Piranão' foram determinadas no decorrer do ciclo da planta e por ocasião da colheita. Efetuou-se ainda a análise química dos macronutrientes, para diferentes partes da planta, em quatro épocas distintas

Genealogía del paradigma onto-teo-político

La genealogía del paradigma onto-teo-político es una investigación que ha comenzado en 2014 y que, mediante el método genealógico, se propone definir la vigencia o la ruptura del paradigma. Durante 2014 y 2015 se han trabajado las formas epocales del paradigma en algunos textos de la antigüedad y el medioevo, hasta el siglo XVII. La hipótesis de trabajo ha sido el dar cuenta del modo en que la perspectiva ontoteológica y su organización son puestas en cuestión, fundamentalmente desde la perspectiva de la ciencia y de la política, a partir del Renacimiento. Si bien hacia fines del XIX, y sobre todo con la aparición de la crítica más severa a este paradigma por parte de Nietzsche y Marx, que se mantiene en el siglo XX con la propuesta de la Posmodernidad, permanecen en el pensar contemporáneo, tanto universal como geocultural, conceptos que siguen produciendo efecto en la realidad y que provienen de una raíz ontoteológica (soberanía, esperanza, reconciliación, persona, etc.). Podemos afirmar que el rastreo genealógico del paradigma ontoteopolítico aparece en cada uno de los autores con los que hemos trabajado. En la Antigüedad, este paradigma estaba presente en la Metafísica de Aristóteles (por ejemplo, en su concepción del principio que mueve sin ser movido), aunque sin las características de una teología personal. En el polo opuesto, la crítica a la conjunción de lo teoontopolítico está explicitada en El Príncipe de Maquiavelo. Y ya en Hobbes podemos ver cómo se estructura una filosofía civil desligada de la ontoteología. También Baruch Spinoza analizó el concepto de individuo como potencia deseante, que critica el paradigma de la metafísica tradicional.El propósito, a partir de ahora, será rastrear el paradigma en el contexto contemporáneo bajo la misma hipótesis. Para ello, con el aporte de los pensadores del siglo XVII ya trabajados (principalmente Hobbes y Spinoza), se ubicarán los filósofos contemporáneos que, desde una perspectiva ontológica (Heidegger), crítica (Adorno), filosófico-política (Espósito), fenomenológica (Marion), teológica (Scannone y el Papa Francisco), y los filósofos que en nuestra América han trabajado las críticas a la civilización tecnocrática (Kusch, Mignolo), pueden aportar a la pregunta de si el paradigma ontoteopolítico es un marco posible para la comprensión de nuestro presente.The onto-theo-political paradigm is an investigation that began in 2014. By using the genealogical method, attempts to decide the validity or the disruption of the mentioned paradigm. During 2014 and 2015 an analysis has been made regarding the epochal manifestations of the paradigm in some ancient and medieval texts, until the XVII century. The working hypothesis has been to examine how the onto-theological perspective and its organization had been questioned, particularly from the scientific and political perspective that took place since the Renaissance. Although towards the end of the XIX century the most severe critique to the paradigm took place, especially with Nietzsche and Marx, and it continued with the postmodern proposal; there are remains in the contemporary views of concepts, both universal and geo-cultural, that still havean effect in reality and that posses a onto-theological origin (sovereignty, hope, reconciliation, person, etc.). We can confirm that the genealogical tracking of the onto-theo-political paradigm appears in each of the analyzed philosophers. In ancient times, this paradigm is present in Aristotle´s Metaphysics (for example, in his conception of the unmoved mover), even if it lacks the characteristics of a personal theology. On the opposite side, the critique to the onto-theo-political conjunction is quite explicit in Machiavelli´s The Prince. And, in Hobbes, we can already see how a philosophical civil structure is detached from the onto-theology. Also, an analysis has been made on Baruch Spinoza´s concept of the individual as a wishful power, concept that criticizes the traditional metaphysic paradigm. From this point forward, the objective is to track the paradigm in the contemporary context under the same hypothesis. With that in mind, together with the contribution of XVII century’s thinkers (mainly Hobbes and Spinoza), the analysis of contemporary authors will be added, from anontological (Heidegger), critical (Adorno), philosophical-political (Espósito), phenomenological(Marion), and theological (Scannone and Pope Francis) perspective, as well as the ideas that our American philosophers, so critical of the technocratic civilization (Kusch, Mignolo), might add to the inquiry of the onto-theo-political paradigm as a possible model for the comprehension of present times

Observações preliminares sôbre a longevidade dos "Seedlings" de feijoeiro - Phaseolus vulgaris : em função das reservas cotiledonares

According previous studies about longevity in maize by ACCORSI e ADÂMOLI DE BARROS, (1961) the authors presents in this paper the results of work on longevity of seedlings of beans. Seeds were separated in three groups according their weight, as followings: small 80-120 mg; medium 130-140 mg and big 150-200 mg. The sowing of the seeds was made in pure sand and the seedlings were distributed in distil. water and in complete solution of Arnon and Hoagland. Each treatment was made in two replications with eight seedlings by treatment. At present time the following conclusions can be related: 1.°) - Eight days after germination, the cotiledones of all the seedlings started to fell down, fourteen days after, all cotiledones had fell down. 2.°) - Fifteen days after germination, the seedlings in nutritive solution showed better development than those in distil. water. Table I e II gives results. 3.°) - All seedlings in distil. water showed symptoms of N, Ca, Fe deficiencies. 4.°) - Twenty nine days after germination the seedlings in distil. water manifested exhaust trace, by falling of the leaves and death of some plants although the aplicai buds keep green. 5.°) - After thirty-one days the plants in nutritives solution was in better condition than those in distil. water, although some alteration aboved mentioned was observed. The causes of this alteration are being studied. 6.°) - In many plants in complet solution the seminal leaves showed clorosis initial and some with necrosis, although apical buds keeps in ativity. 7.°) - Symptoms of clorosis and necrosis in diferents stages were observed in all leaflet; these symptoms were more strong in the groups of little seed and medium seeds

Usos de razón, técnica y cambio en la crítica de la metafísica. Max Horkheimer, Theodor W. Adorno, Herbert Marcuse y Andrew Feenberg

The project’s central question is about conceptual changes in three terms of social and political philosophical discourse during the nineteenth century and up to the mid-twentieth century: ‘reason’, ‘technique’, ‘change’. During this period, due to transformations in the same theory and in the perception of philosophical problems, there was a semantic shift in the scope of those terms. From an archaeological perspective we can explore a non-modern record of ‘reason’, ‘technique’, ‘change’, which authors such as Marx-Nietzsche, Wittgenstein-Heidegger begin. From a genealogical view, the research is oriented to register the variations in those concepts, in authors who share the same postmetaphysical and postidealist bases. In Max Horkheimer’s critical theory of science and society, in Theodor W. Adorno´s negative critique, in Herbert Marcuse- Andrew Feenberg’s critical theory of technology, there are concepts from the nineteenth-century philosophy of suspicion. Naturally, these concepts make their new appearance reformulated and placed in new cognitive fields. In this period of research we have managed: to compare the meaning of uses as it appears in Wittgenstein´s Tractatus with the meaning of uses as it becomes ostensible in the Philosophical Investigation; to understand the notion of technique and art in Marcuse´s analyses of social rationality; to interpret the concept of change in Aristotle and its effect on a social theory. Aristotle is a thinker who is assumed in the project since his knowledge is necessary for Heidegger’s theory of modern technique and Feenberg´s critical theory of technology; to analyze the uses of technique in Horkheimer, Adorno and Feenberg, and to explain “the negative dialectic” of Theodor W. Adorno as it unfolds in his Aesthetic Theory, and the conceptual changes of technique and reason that are registered.La pregunta eje del proyecto apunta a los cambios conceptuales en tres términos del discurso filosófico social y político durante el siglo XIX hasta mitad del siglo XX: ‘razón’, ‘técnica’, ‘cambio’. Durante ese período, por transformaciones en la misma teoría y en la percepción de los problemas filosóficos, hubo un giro semántico en el alcance de aquellos. Desde una mirada arqueológica podemos relevar un registro no moderno de ‘razón’, ‘técnica’, ‘cambio’ que comienzan a emplear autores como Marx-Nietzsche, Wittgenstein-Heidegger. Desde una mirada genealógica, la pesquisa se orienta a registrar las variaciones en aquellos conceptos en autores que comparten un mismo suelo posmetafísico y posidealista. En la Teoría Crítica de la Ciencia y la Sociedad de Max Horkheimer, en la Crítica Negativa de Theodor W. Adorno, en la Teoría Vrítica de la Tecnología de Herbert Marcuse y Andrew Feenberg hay conceptos de aquella decimonónica filosofía de la sospecha. Claro que esos conceptos hacen su nueva aparición, reformulados y colocados en nuevos campos cognitivos. En este período de investigación hemos logrado: comparar el significado de usos tal como aparece en el Tractatus de Wittgenstein con el significado de usos tal como se vuelve ostensible en las Investigaciones Filosóficas; comprender la noción de técnica y arte en los análisis marcuseanos de racionalidad social; interpretar el concepto de cambio en Aristóteles y su efecto en una teoría social. Aristóteles es un pensador que está supuesto en el proyecto ya que su conocimiento es necesario para la teoría de Heidegger sobre la técnica moderna y la teoría crítica de la tecnología de Feenberg. También se han logrado analizar los usos de técnica en Horkheimer, Adorno y Feenberg y explicitar “la dialéctica negativa” de Theodor W. Adorno tal como se despliega en su Teoría estética, y los cambios conceptuales que se registran de técnica y razón