Generalized height-diameter models for Populus tremula L. stands

Using permanent sample plot data, selected tree height and diameter functions were evaluated for their predictive abilities for Populus tremula stands in Turkey. Two sets of models were evaluated. The first set included five models for estimating height as a function of individual tree diameter; the second set also included six models for estimating height as a function of individual tree diameter and some standlevel- attributes. The inclusion of the stand-level-attributes (basal area, dominant height, dominant diameter, number of trees) and BAL index (which simultaneously indicates the relative position of a tree and stand density) into the base height-diameter models increased the accuracy of prediction for P.tremula. As a result, the second set models gave high performance than the first models. On average, by including stand level attributes, root mean square values were reduced by 21 cm. In the second set, the best results were obtained by the Schnute’s function. In this function, dominant diameter and dominant height independent variables in addition to tree diameter were found significant at 0.01 significant level (R2= 0.949, 1.226 . = y x S , P < 0.01). Root mean square was reduced 35 cm Schnute’sfunction alone. Thus, a generalized height-diameter model based on Schnute’s function was developed for P. tremula L. stands in Turkey. Based on the residual plots and fit statistics, the model can be recommended for estimating tree heights for P. tremula L. in Turkey. The model coefficients are documented for future use

Alkaline sulphite anthraquinone pulping of caucasian spruce (Picea orientalis L.) chips with added sodium borohydride and ethanol

The study determined and compared the yield, viscosity, and chemical and physical properties of the pulps obtained as a result of Alkaline Sulfite–Anthraquinone(AS-AQ) pulping of Caucasian spruce wood with and without the addition of sodium borohydride (ASAB process) and ethanol (ASAE). It was found that the addition of ethanol to the AS-AQ pulping had a favourable influence on the screened yield and kappa number of the pulps. The addition of NaBH4 to the AS-AQ pulping in general also had a favourable influence on these pulps’ indices, provided that the amount added was not higher than 1–2% and the time of pulping was 180 mins. The higher yield of the ASAE pulps resulted from the higher retention of both cellulose and hemicelluloses, while the higher yield of ASAB pulps resulted from the higher retention of hemicelluloses and lignin. Regarding the AS-AQ pulping conditions,a distinct negative effect of modification on the viscosity of the pulps was observed in the case of the NaBH4 a additions to this pulping process. The viscosity reduction was, however, lower with extended pulping time. The static strength properties (tensile index and burst index) of the ASAB and ASAE pulps were in general lower than the AS-AQ pulps. In the case of the tear index, the tendency was similar.The addition of ethanol and especially NaBH4 to the AS-AQ pulping had a distinctly unfavourable influence on the whiteness and brightness of the pulps

Chemical composition and antimicrobial activities of the essential oils of Viburnum opulus, Viburnum lantana and Viburnum orientala

The composition of the essential oils obtained from the air-dried Viburnum opulus and Viburnum lantana were analyzed by GC-MS. 40 and 53 Components were identified in the essential oils and the main component of these taxons were phytol and occidenol in the ratios 7.8 and 6.3 % from V. opulus and V. lantana, respectively. The isolated essential oils of V. opulus, V. lantana and V. orientala were also tested for antimicrobial activity against the bacteria E. coli, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, E. faecalis, S. aureus, B. cereus and the fungus C. tropicalis, at maximum essential oil concentrations in hexane of 250.500 and 1000 ?g/mL, respectively, though no activity was observed against all the test microorganisms for V. lantana and V. opulus. However, the essential oil of the V. orientale showed weak antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria

ONE-YEAR PREVALENCE OF MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER AND RELATED SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS IN IZMIR CITY CENTER

WOS: 00034728070061

Clinical study on the closure of extraction wounds of partially soft tissue-impacted mandibular third molars.

WOS: 000317586300008PubMed: 23115765Objective: When a mandibular third molar is partially impacted in the soft tissue, it must be determined whether the extraction wound should be left partially open or completely closed. We hypothesize that a blood clot preserving a surgical wound with easily cleanable surfaces by primary closure and drain application would postoperatively minimize dry socket and/or alveolitis development. Method and Materials: Twenty patients requiring bilateral extraction of partially soft tissue-impacted mandibular third molars in a vertical position were included in the study. The existence of dry sockets, alveolitis, pain, facial swelling, and trismus were evaluated on the second, fifth, and seventh days of the postoperative period. Results: On the second day, pain, trismus, and swelling were higher in the drained group; however, pain reduced progressively in the drained group over time. There were no cases of dry sockets or alveolitis except for a single patient on the seventh day in the drained group over the 7-day study period. On the other hand, in the secondary closure group, the number of dry sockets was 8 (40%) on the second day. The number of alveolitis was 10 (50%) on the fifth day and 4 (20%) on the seventh day. Conclusion: Closed healing by drain insertion after removal of partially soft tissue-impacted third molars produces less frequent postoperative dry sockets and/or alveolitis development than occurs with open healing of the surgical wound. In cases with a risk of alveolitis development (lack of oral hygiene, immunocompromised patients, etc), it can be avoided with the "kiddle effect" and related undesired complications by implementing closed healing with drain insertion. (Quintessence Int 2012;43:863-870