Rijetki tumori dojke

Invasive breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease which occurs with diff erent clinical presentations, pathohistological characteristics and clinical course. Most common types are invasive ductal carcinoma not otherwise specified (IDC-NOS, 70-80%) and invasive lobular carcinoma (5 – 15%). Systemic therapy of breast carcinomas is mostly determined by their molecular classification, which is based on genetic research of NOS ductal breast cancer, without the inclusion of rare histological types. Since some rare breast tumors have excellent prognosis despite unfavorable molecular characteristics, when deciding on the optimal treatment, both molecular and prognostic characteristics should be considered. Tumors of non-epithelial origin, such as sarcomas, lymphomas and phyllodes tumors also appear in breasts.Karcinom dojke je heterogena bolest s raznolikom kliničkom slikom, patohistološkim karakteristikama i kliničkim tijekom. Najčešći tipovi karcinoma dojke su invazivni duktalni karcinom (IDC-NOS, 70-80 %) i invazivni lobularni karcinom (5-15%). Sustavno liječenje karcinoma dojke temelji se na molekularnoj klasifikaciji, koja je osnovana na genetskim istraživanjima NOS karcinoma, bez uključivanja rijetkih karcinoma dojke. Kako su neki rijetki tumori unatoč nepovoljnim molekularnim karakteristikama vrlo dobre prognoze, pri odlučivanju o načinu liječenja rijetkih tumora dojki, osim molekularnih, potrebno je uzeti u obzir i prognostičke karakteristike tih tumora. U dojkama se pojavljuju i tumori neepitelnog porijekla, poput sarkoma, limfoma i phyllodes tumora

Razina boli i potrošnja analgetika nakon carskog reza ovisno o vrsti anestezije i demografskim podatcima

The aim of this study was to investigate the level of pain and analgesic consumption in puerperas after cesarean section according to the type of anesthesia administered. This was a prospective study conducted at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mostar University Hospital, in the period from September 2015 to June 2016. The study included 111 puerperas. Experimental group included 54 puerperas operated on under spinal anesthesia, while comparative group included 57 puerperas operated on under general anesthesia. Primary endpoints of the study were pain score and dose number of analgesics used. Input parameters of the study were age, gestational age, education, and place of residence. To determine the level of pain, visual analog scale for pain was used. Results showed that puerperas operated on under spinal anesthesia had significantly lower pain sensation (p=0.031) and less need for analgesic consumption in the postoperative period as compared to those operated on under general anesthesia (p=0.024). Increased age was associated with lower pain sensation (p=0.014) and need for analgesics (p<0.05). Higher level of education was associated with greater need for analgesics (p=0.016). Living in urban area was associated with greater pain sensation (p=0.023) and less need for analgesics (p<0.17). Spinal anesthesia for cesarean section resulted in less pain and less need for analgesics in the postoperative period compared to general anesthesia.Cilj istraživanja je bio utvrditi razinu boli i potrošnju analgetika u babinjača nakon carskog reza u odnosu na vrstu primijenjene anestezije. Provedeno je prospektivno istraživanje u Klinici za ginekologiju i porodništvo Sveučilišne kliničke bolnice Mostar u razdoblju od 1. rujna 2015. do 30. lipnja 2016. godine. Eksperimentalna skupina sastojala se od 54 babinjače koje su operirane u spinalnoj anesteziji, dok se usporedna skupina sastojala od 57 babinjača koje su operirane u općoj anesteziji. Izlazni parametri istraživanja bili su osjećaj boli i broj doza primljenih analgetika. Ulazni parametri istraživanja bili su: životna dob, gestacijska dob, stupanj obrazovanja i sredina življenja. Za utvrđivanje razine boli primijenjena je vizualno- analogna ljestvica boli. Rezultati ukazuju na to da babinjače operirane u spinalnoj anesteziji imaju značajno manji osjećaj boli (p=0,031) i manju potrebu za analgeticima u poslijeoperacijskom razdoblju u odnosu na babinjače operirane u općoj anesteziji (p=0,024). Veća životna dob ispitanica povezana je s manjim osjećajem boli (p=0,014) i manjom potrebom za analgeticima (p<0,05). Viši stupanj obrazovanja povezan je s većom razinom boli i potrebom za analgeticima (p=0,016). Život u urbanoj sredini povezan je s većim osjećajem boli (p=0,023) i većom potrebom za analgeticima (p<0,17). Spinalna anestezija za carski rez rezultira manjim osjećajem boli i manjom potrebom za analgeticima u poslijeoperacijskom razdoblju u odnosu na opću anesteziju

Rijetki tumori dojke

Invasive breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease which occurs with diff erent clinical presentations, pathohistological characteristics and clinical course. Most common types are invasive ductal carcinoma not otherwise specified (IDC-NOS, 70-80%) and invasive lobular carcinoma (5 – 15%). Systemic therapy of breast carcinomas is mostly determined by their molecular classification, which is based on genetic research of NOS ductal breast cancer, without the inclusion of rare histological types. Since some rare breast tumors have excellent prognosis despite unfavorable molecular characteristics, when deciding on the optimal treatment, both molecular and prognostic characteristics should be considered. Tumors of non-epithelial origin, such as sarcomas, lymphomas and phyllodes tumors also appear in breasts.Karcinom dojke je heterogena bolest s raznolikom kliničkom slikom, patohistološkim karakteristikama i kliničkim tijekom. Najčešći tipovi karcinoma dojke su invazivni duktalni karcinom (IDC-NOS, 70-80 %) i invazivni lobularni karcinom (5-15%). Sustavno liječenje karcinoma dojke temelji se na molekularnoj klasifikaciji, koja je osnovana na genetskim istraživanjima NOS karcinoma, bez uključivanja rijetkih karcinoma dojke. Kako su neki rijetki tumori unatoč nepovoljnim molekularnim karakteristikama vrlo dobre prognoze, pri odlučivanju o načinu liječenja rijetkih tumora dojki, osim molekularnih, potrebno je uzeti u obzir i prognostičke karakteristike tih tumora. U dojkama se pojavljuju i tumori neepitelnog porijekla, poput sarkoma, limfoma i phyllodes tumora

Rekonstrukcija dojke

Breast cancer is most common cancer in women in Croatia. It is a leading cause of death in women wirh malignant disease. Breast cancer treatment causes anxiety in women also because of the fear of losing one or both breasts. This disease has a psychological impact eff ect and increasing number of women decide to undergo reconstruction. There has been a substantial progress in reconstructive tehniques in last two decades. This article summarizes short history, development and today’s state of the art of reconstructive possibilities. As well as, advantages and disadvantages of reconstructive tehniques that help us choose the right timing and the right type of reconstruction. The final goal of breast reconstruction is oncological safety and women’s statisfaction with the outcome.Karcinom dojke je načešći maligni tumor kod žena u Hrvatskoj. On je i vodeći uzrok smrti kod žena oboljelih od malignih bolesti. Njegovo liječenje izaziva jedan od najvećih strahova kod žena a to je gubitak jedne ili obje dojke. Tako se radi pogubnog psihološkog učinka ove bolesti sve veći broj žena odlučuje za rekonstrukciju. Zadnjih dvadesetak godina pratimo izraziti napredak u rekonstrukcijskim tehnikama, bilo vlastitim tkivom bilo ugradbenim materijalima. Ovaj članak nam daje kratki povjesni razvoj i današnji pregled o mogućnostima rekonstrukcije. Također, pregled prednosti i nedostataka rekonstrukcijskih tehnika, koje nam mogu pomoći u izboru, vremena i načina rekonstrukcije. Krajnji cilj rekonstrukcije dojke treba biti, onkološki siguran zahvat kojime je žena zadovoljna

Manipulation of individual carbon nanotubes:towards scanning probe applications

Carbon nanotubes the long, cylindrical carbon molecules are the most exciting material discovered lately. They offer the possibility for a large number of applications. My task was to explore the way how we can use multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNT) in scanning probe applications: Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Scanning Nearfield Optical Microscopy (SNOM). Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are potentially ideal atomic force microscopy probes because they can have diameters as small as one nanometer, they have robust mechanical properties, and can be specifically functionalized with chemical and biological probes at the tip ends. CNTs will not wear, because they buckle elastically under applied load and thus will stay sharp. They also show exceptional field emission properties, and remarkably enough, the field emission at high currents is accompanied by light emission. This phenomenon offers the possibility to use CNTs as nanometer-size light sources for SNOM. In order to test CNTs for AFM and SNOM applications a mounting method has been elaborated. Two nanomanipulators have been designed and constructed for operations inside a Transmission and Scanning Electron Microscopes (TEM and SEM). This latter one with large work space and available electrical contacts allowed versatile use of nanomanipulator, including in situ field emission, and photon counting measurements using a photodiode. Hundreds of individual MWNT and double-wall nanotubes (DWNT) bundles, produced by arc-discharge (AD) or chemical vapour deposition (CVD) method, have been mounted, one-by-one, on either commercial AFM probes or sharpened metallic wires (W, Au, Pt). The tests show that in both case, AFM and SNOM probes, the weakest point is the attachment of the nanotube to the support. Amorphous carbon deposit is good for attaching nanotubes for limited time and limited applications, but it deforms under the forces that it has been submitted to during AFM scans. This weak bonding of nanotubes is the source of failure in AFM. In field/light emission the high contact resistance, which can change during the mechanical stress exerted by the applied electric field, will lead to a Joule heating of the nanotube/contact area and results a thermal breakdown of the tip. Attempts were made to elaborate a good mechanical and electrical attachment of the carbon nanotubes to the Si/metallic cantilever by using indium as bonding agent

SEMI-INSULATED CONDUCTORS AND THEIR APPLICATION

Tema ovog završnog rada su ''Poluizolirani vodiči i njihova primjena''. Radi se o novijem tipu vodiča koji je našao svoju primjenu u nadzemnim mrežama na atmosferski zahtjevnijim uvjetima rada kao što su teške zime i u šumskim područjima. Njihova troslojna izolacija pruža bolja mehanička i električna svojstva za sigurniji prijenos električne energije. Otporniji su na mehanička naprezanja i sprječavaju izazivanje požara na dijelovima na kojima su postavljeni. U radu je napravljena usporedba s trenutno najzastupljenijim tipom vodiča, Al/Če koji je u primjeni desetljećima. Prema njihovim tehničkim specifikacijama prikazane su prednosti, a i nedostatci oba tipa vodičaThe topic of this final paper is "Semi-insulated conductors and their application". It is a newer type of conductor that has its application in overhead networks in atmospherically more demanding working conditions such as severe winters and in forest areas. Their three-layer insulation provides better mechanical and electrical properties for safer electricity transmission. They are more resistant to mechanical stresses and prevent fires on the parts on which they are installed. In this paper, we will make a comparison with, currently the most common type of conductor, ASCR, which has been in use for decades. According to their technical specifications, we will show the advantages and disadvantages of both types of guides

The application of mobile marketing in banking sector

Kako bi se definirala sama primjena mobilnog marketinga u bankarstvu potrebno je pobliže se upoznati sa samim načinom funkcioniranja banaka i bankarskog sustava. Sve brži razvoj tehnologija i sve veća, lakša i brža dostupnost informacija, utječu na sve veću informiranost populacije, stoga i banke nastoje držati korak te ulažu sve veće napore u prilagođavanje potrebama svojih klijenata. Primjena mobilnog marketinga u bankarskom sektoru s jedne je strane uvelike unaprijedila poslovanje banaka i povećala njihov profit, dok je s druge strane klijentima pružila nove usluge i mogućnosti koje prate razvoj tehnologija i uvelike olakšavaju primjenu bankarskih usluga i proizvoda. Suvremene tehnologije i sve brži ritam života, kako privatnog tako i poslovnog, zahtijevaju od banaka prilagođavanje potrebama svojih klijenata. Razvoj raznih aplikacija i sve brži internet, poboljšavaju razinu i brzinu usluga koje banke nude putem aplikacija. Također, kroz povećanje brzine usluge i lakšu dostupnost novih proizvoda, povećava se i profit banaka te se lakše dolazi do povratnih informacija od strane klijenata koje utječu na daljnji razvoj i primjenu novih proizvoda i usluga. Primjena mobilnog marketinga razlikuje se od banke do banke. Mobilni marketing prisutan je već duži niz godina u naše dvije najveće banke, Zagrebačkoj i Privrednoj banci Zagreb. Njih dvije može se smatrati predvodnicama mobilnog marketinga. Za potrebe diplomskog rada napravljen je dubinski intervju sa članom odjela za marketing Zagrebačke banke.In order to define the application of mobile marketing in banking, it is necessary to get acquainted with the way banking and banking system function. The acceleration of technological development and the increased availability of information raise public awareness, therefore banks try to keep pace and make bigger effort to adapt to their client's needs. On the one hand, the application of mobile marketing in banking sector greatly improved banks' business and increased their profits, whereas, on the other hand, it provided customers with new services and opportunities that follow technological development and greatly facilitate the application of banking services and products. Modern technologies and the fast pace of modern life, both private and business, require banks to adapt to the needs of their clients. The development of various applications and faster Internet, improve the level and speed of services that banks offer through applications. Also, with the increasing speed of service and easier access to new products, the profit of banks increases and customer feedback is easier to reach, which affects further development and application of new products and services. The application of mobile marketing differs from bank to bank. Mobile marketing has been present for years in two largest Croatian banks, Zagrebačka banka and Privredna banka Zagreb. We can consider these two as the forerunners of mobile marketing. For the purpose of this graduate paper, I did a face-to-face interview with a member of the marketing department of Zagrebačka banka

SEMI-INSULATED CONDUCTORS AND THEIR APPLICATION

Tema ovog završnog rada su ''Poluizolirani vodiči i njihova primjena''. Radi se o novijem tipu vodiča koji je našao svoju primjenu u nadzemnim mrežama na atmosferski zahtjevnijim uvjetima rada kao što su teške zime i u šumskim područjima. Njihova troslojna izolacija pruža bolja mehanička i električna svojstva za sigurniji prijenos električne energije. Otporniji su na mehanička naprezanja i sprječavaju izazivanje požara na dijelovima na kojima su postavljeni. U radu je napravljena usporedba s trenutno najzastupljenijim tipom vodiča, Al/Če koji je u primjeni desetljećima. Prema njihovim tehničkim specifikacijama prikazane su prednosti, a i nedostatci oba tipa vodičaThe topic of this final paper is "Semi-insulated conductors and their application". It is a newer type of conductor that has its application in overhead networks in atmospherically more demanding working conditions such as severe winters and in forest areas. Their three-layer insulation provides better mechanical and electrical properties for safer electricity transmission. They are more resistant to mechanical stresses and prevent fires on the parts on which they are installed. In this paper, we will make a comparison with, currently the most common type of conductor, ASCR, which has been in use for decades. According to their technical specifications, we will show the advantages and disadvantages of both types of guides

The application of mobile marketing in banking sector

Kako bi se definirala sama primjena mobilnog marketinga u bankarstvu potrebno je pobliže se upoznati sa samim načinom funkcioniranja banaka i bankarskog sustava. Sve brži razvoj tehnologija i sve veća, lakša i brža dostupnost informacija, utječu na sve veću informiranost populacije, stoga i banke nastoje držati korak te ulažu sve veće napore u prilagođavanje potrebama svojih klijenata. Primjena mobilnog marketinga u bankarskom sektoru s jedne je strane uvelike unaprijedila poslovanje banaka i povećala njihov profit, dok je s druge strane klijentima pružila nove usluge i mogućnosti koje prate razvoj tehnologija i uvelike olakšavaju primjenu bankarskih usluga i proizvoda. Suvremene tehnologije i sve brži ritam života, kako privatnog tako i poslovnog, zahtijevaju od banaka prilagođavanje potrebama svojih klijenata. Razvoj raznih aplikacija i sve brži internet, poboljšavaju razinu i brzinu usluga koje banke nude putem aplikacija. Također, kroz povećanje brzine usluge i lakšu dostupnost novih proizvoda, povećava se i profit banaka te se lakše dolazi do povratnih informacija od strane klijenata koje utječu na daljnji razvoj i primjenu novih proizvoda i usluga. Primjena mobilnog marketinga razlikuje se od banke do banke. Mobilni marketing prisutan je već duži niz godina u naše dvije najveće banke, Zagrebačkoj i Privrednoj banci Zagreb. Njih dvije može se smatrati predvodnicama mobilnog marketinga. Za potrebe diplomskog rada napravljen je dubinski intervju sa članom odjela za marketing Zagrebačke banke.In order to define the application of mobile marketing in banking, it is necessary to get acquainted with the way banking and banking system function. The acceleration of technological development and the increased availability of information raise public awareness, therefore banks try to keep pace and make bigger effort to adapt to their client's needs. On the one hand, the application of mobile marketing in banking sector greatly improved banks' business and increased their profits, whereas, on the other hand, it provided customers with new services and opportunities that follow technological development and greatly facilitate the application of banking services and products. Modern technologies and the fast pace of modern life, both private and business, require banks to adapt to the needs of their clients. The development of various applications and faster Internet, improve the level and speed of services that banks offer through applications. Also, with the increasing speed of service and easier access to new products, the profit of banks increases and customer feedback is easier to reach, which affects further development and application of new products and services. The application of mobile marketing differs from bank to bank. Mobile marketing has been present for years in two largest Croatian banks, Zagrebačka banka and Privredna banka Zagreb. We can consider these two as the forerunners of mobile marketing. For the purpose of this graduate paper, I did a face-to-face interview with a member of the marketing department of Zagrebačka banka

SEMI-INSULATED CONDUCTORS AND THEIR APPLICATION

Tema ovog završnog rada su ''Poluizolirani vodiči i njihova primjena''. Radi se o novijem tipu vodiča koji je našao svoju primjenu u nadzemnim mrežama na atmosferski zahtjevnijim uvjetima rada kao što su teške zime i u šumskim područjima. Njihova troslojna izolacija pruža bolja mehanička i električna svojstva za sigurniji prijenos električne energije. Otporniji su na mehanička naprezanja i sprječavaju izazivanje požara na dijelovima na kojima su postavljeni. U radu je napravljena usporedba s trenutno najzastupljenijim tipom vodiča, Al/Če koji je u primjeni desetljećima. Prema njihovim tehničkim specifikacijama prikazane su prednosti, a i nedostatci oba tipa vodičaThe topic of this final paper is "Semi-insulated conductors and their application". It is a newer type of conductor that has its application in overhead networks in atmospherically more demanding working conditions such as severe winters and in forest areas. Their three-layer insulation provides better mechanical and electrical properties for safer electricity transmission. They are more resistant to mechanical stresses and prevent fires on the parts on which they are installed. In this paper, we will make a comparison with, currently the most common type of conductor, ASCR, which has been in use for decades. According to their technical specifications, we will show the advantages and disadvantages of both types of guides