Customers\u27 perception of the attributes of different formats of menu labeling: a comparison between Korea and the U.S

Background/objectives: This study compared the perception of customers from Korea and the U.S. on the attributes of different formats of menu labeling The specific objectives were 1) to compare the customers\u27 perceived usefulness, ease-of-understanding, clarity, and attractiveness of different formats of menu labeling between Korea and the U.S.; and 2) to compare the customers\u27 use intention to different formats of menu labeling between Korea and the U.S. Subjects/methods: A survey was conducted in Korea and the U.S. The participants were allocated randomly to view 1 of the 7 restaurant menus that varied according to the following types of menu labeling formats: (type 1) kcal format, (type 2) traffic-light format, (type 3) percent daily intake (%DI) format, (type 4) kcal + traffic-light format, (type 5) kcal + %DI format, (type 6) traffic-light + %DI format, and (type 7) kcal + traffic-light + %DI format. A total of 279 Koreans and 347 Americans were entered in the analysis. An independent t-test and 1-way analysis of variance were performed. Results: Koreans rated type 4 format (kcal + traffic light) the highest for usefulness and attractiveness. In contrast, Americans rated type 7 (kcal + traffic light + %DI) the highest for usefulness, ease-of-understanding, attractiveness, and clarity. Significant differences were found in the customers\u27 perceived attributes to menu labeling between Korea and the U.S. Americans perceived higher for all the 4 attributes of menu labeling than Koreans. Conclusions: The study is unique in identifying the differences in the attributes of different formats of menu labeling between Korea and the U.S. Americans rated the most complicated type of menu labeling as the highest perception for the attributes, and showed a higher use intention of menu labeling than Koreans. This study contributes to academia and industry for practicing menu labeling in different countries using different formats

Lead-Free Piezoelectric Composite With Lithium Niobate and Barium Titanate Fabricated by Interdigital Pair Bonding Technique

Since 2003, when the European Union (E.U.) announced the restriction of hazardous substances (RoHS), multiple efforts have been made to replace lead zirconate titanate (PZT) based piezoelectric materials. However, despite these efforts, very few PZT alternatives have been found. The Lithium niobate (LN) is one such lead-free piezoelectric material often used in acoustic applications due to its high signal generation efficiency, high curie temperature, and high mechanical Q factor. However, LN is not suitable for miniaturized applications because of its low dielectric constant and high electrical impedance. In this paper, we aim to address the problem of the low-dielectric constant of LN while avoiding hazardous PZT material. We propose to utilize 1–3 composites structure with LN and barium titanate (BT), which has a high dielectric constant while controlling acoustic properties such as density, dielectric constant, sound velocity. We also developed new LN-BT modeling to design piezoelectric composite with interdigital pair bonding (IPB) technique, based on previous PZT-polymer 1–3 composite modeling. We verified that the composite components are lead-free by examining with the scanning electron microscope (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). This proposed lead-free composite with high-dielectric and lower electrical impedance is better suited for miniaturized applications

C-H/C-C Functionalization Approach to N-Fused Heterocycles from Saturated Azacycles.

Herein we report the synthesis of substituted indolizidines and related N-fused bicycles from simple saturated cyclic amines through sequential C-H and C-C bond functionalizations. Inspired by the Norrish-Yang Type II reaction, C-H functionalization of azacycles is achieved by forming α-hydroxy-β-lactams from precursor α-ketoamide derivatives under mild, visible light conditions. Selective cleavage of the distal C(sp2)-C(sp3) bond in α-hydroxy-β-lactams using a Rh-complex leads to α-acyl intermediates which undergo sequential Rh-catalyzed decarbonylation, 1,4-addition to an electrophile, and aldol cyclization, to afford N-fused bicycles including indolizidines. Computational studies provide mechanistic insight into the observed positional selectivity of C-C cleavage, which depends strongly on the groups bound to Rh trans to the phosphine ligand

C-H/C-C Functionalization Approach to N-Fused Heterocycles from Saturated Azacycles

© 2020 American Chemical Society Herein we report the synthesis of substituted indolizidines and related N-fused bicycles from simple saturated cyclic amines through sequential C-H and C-C bond functionalizations. Inspired by the Norrish-Yang Type II reaction, C-H functionalization of azacycles is achieved by forming alpha-hydroxy-beta-lactams from precursor alpha-ketoamide derivatives under mild, visible light conditions. Selective cleavage of the distal C(sp(2))-C(sp(3)) bond in alpha-hydroxy-beta-lactams using a Rh-complex leads to alpha-acyl intermediates which undergo sequential Rh-catalyzed decarbonylation, 1,4-addition to an electrophile, and aldol cyclization, to afford N-fused bicycles including indolizidines. Computational studies provide mechanistic insight into the observed positional selectivity of C-C cleavage, which depends strongly on the groups bound to Rh trans to the phosphine ligand11sci

Customers' perception of the attributes of different formats of menu labeling: a comparison between Korea and the U.S

Background/objectives: This study compared the perception of customers from Korea and the U.S. on the attributes of different formats of menu labeling The specific objectives were 1) to compare the customers' perceived usefulness, ease-of-understanding, clarity, and attractiveness of different formats of menu labeling between Korea and the U.S.; and 2) to compare the customers' use intention to different formats of menu labeling between Korea and the U.S. Subjects/methods: A survey was conducted in Korea and the U.S. The participants were allocated randomly to view 1 of the 7 restaurant menus that varied according to the following types of menu labeling formats: (type 1) kcal format, (type 2) traffic-light format, (type 3) percent daily intake (%DI) format, (type 4) kcal + traffic-light format, (type 5) kcal + %DI format, (type 6) traffic-light + %DI format, and (type 7) kcal + traffic-light + %DI format. A total of 279 Koreans and 347 Americans were entered in the analysis. An independent t-test and 1-way analysis of variance were performed. Results: Koreans rated type 4 format (kcal + traffic light) the highest for usefulness and attractiveness. In contrast, Americans rated type 7 (kcal + traffic light + %DI) the highest for usefulness, ease-of-understanding, attractiveness, and clarity. Significant differences were found in the customers' perceived attributes to menu labeling between Korea and the U.S. Americans perceived higher for all the 4 attributes of menu labeling than Koreans. Conclusions: The study is unique in identifying the differences in the attributes of different formats of menu labeling between Korea and the U.S. Americans rated the most complicated type of menu labeling as the highest perception for the attributes, and showed a higher use intention of menu labeling than Koreans. This study contributes to academia and industry for practicing menu labeling in different countries using different formats.This article is published as Bosselman R, Choi HM, Lee KS, Kim E, Cha J, Jeong JY, Jo M, Ham S. Customers' perception of the attributes of different formats of menu labeling: a comparison between Korea and the U.S. Nutr Res Pract. 2020 Jun;14(3):286-297. doi: 10.4162/nrp.2020.14.3.286. </p

Informal Institutions and Foreign Direct Investment

Foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows cannot solely be determined by conventional variables such as availability of natural resources, high skilled manpower or modern infrastructure. Important explanations also include the crucial role of institutions in attracting investment flows. This study explores the role of informal institutions in investment flows as well as the relationship between formal and informal institutions in the context of FDI flows. The term informal institutions has been used to describe a diverse set of practices such as corruption or culture thus leading to a serious conceptual ambiguity. This study attempts to provide a more precise and analytically useful definition. It builds on the Helmke and Levitsky typology of informal institutions