Women with endometriosis have higher comorbidities: Analysis of domestic data in Taiwan

AbstractEndometriosis, defined by the presence of viable extrauterine endometrial glands and stroma, can grow or bleed cyclically, and possesses characteristics including a destructive, invasive, and metastatic nature. Since endometriosis may result in pelvic inflammation, adhesion, chronic pain, and infertility, and can progress to biologically malignant tumors, it is a long-term major health issue in women of reproductive age. In this review, we analyze the Taiwan domestic research addressing associations between endometriosis and other diseases. Concerning malignant tumors, we identified four studies on the links between endometriosis and ovarian cancer, one on breast cancer, two on endometrial cancer, one on colorectal cancer, and one on other malignancies, as well as one on associations between endometriosis and irritable bowel syndrome, one on links with migraine headache, three on links with pelvic inflammatory diseases, four on links with infertility, four on links with obesity, four on links with chronic liver disease, four on links with rheumatoid arthritis, four on links with chronic renal disease, five on links with diabetes mellitus, and five on links with cardiovascular diseases (hypertension, hyperlipidemia, etc.). The data available to date support that women with endometriosis might be at risk of some chronic illnesses and certain malignancies, although we consider the evidence for some comorbidities to be of low quality, for example, the association between colon cancer and adenomyosis/endometriosis. We still believe that the risk of comorbidity might be higher in women with endometriosis than that we supposed before. More research is needed to determine whether women with endometriosis are really at risk of these comorbidities

Favorable Biological Performance Regarding the Interaction between Gold Nanoparticles and Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are well known to interact with cells, leading to different cell behaviors such as cell proliferation and differentiation capacity. Biocompatibility and biological functions enhanced by nanomedicine are the most concerning factors in clinical approaches. In the present research, AuNP solutions were prepared at concentrations of 1.25, 2.5, 5 and 10 ppm for biocompatibility investigations. Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy was applied to identify the presence of AuNPs under the various concentrations. Dynamic Light Scattering assay was used for the characterization of the size of the AuNPs. The shape of the AuNPs was observed through a Scanning Electron Microscope. Afterward, the mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were treated with a differentiation concentration of AuNP solutions in order to measure the biocompatibility of the nanoparticles. Our results demonstrate that AuNPs at 1.25 and 2.5 ppm could significantly enhance MSC proliferation, decrease reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and attenuate platelet/monocyte activation. Furthermore, the MSC morphology was observed in the presence of filopodia and lamellipodia while being incubated with 1.25 and 2.5 ppm AuNPs, indicating that the adhesion ability was enhanced by the nanoparticles. The expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-2/9) in MSCs was found to be more highly expressed under 1.25 and 2.5 ppm AuNP treatment, relating to better cell migrating ability. Additionally, the cell apoptosis of MSCs investigated with Annexin-V/PI double staining assay and the Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting (FACS) method demonstrated the lower population of apoptotic cells in 1.25 and 2.5 ppm AuNP treatments, as compared to high concentrations of AuNPs. Additionally, results from a Western blotting assay explored the possibility that the anti-apoptotic proteins Cyclin-D1 and Bcl-2 were remarkably expressed. Meanwhile, real-time PCR analysis demonstrated that the 1.25 and 2.5 ppm AuNP solutions induced a lower expression of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IFN-γ, IL-6 and IL-8). According to the tests performed on an animal model, AuNP 1.25 and 2.5 ppm treatments exhibited the better biocompatibility performance, including anti-inflammation and endothelialization. In brief, 1.25 and 2.5 ppm of AuNP solution was verified to strengthen the biological functions of MSCs, and thus suggests that AuNPs become the biocompatibility nanomedicine for regeneration research

Favorable Biological Performance Regarding the Interaction between Gold Nanoparticles and Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are well known to interact with cells, leading to different cell behaviors such as cell proliferation and differentiation capacity. Biocompatibility and biological functions enhanced by nanomedicine are the most concerning factors in clinical approaches. In the present research, AuNP solutions were prepared at concentrations of 1.25, 2.5, 5 and 10 ppm for biocompatibility investigations. Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy was applied to identify the presence of AuNPs under the various concentrations. Dynamic Light Scattering assay was used for the characterization of the size of the AuNPs. The shape of the AuNPs was observed through a Scanning Electron Microscope. Afterward, the mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were treated with a differentiation concentration of AuNP solutions in order to measure the biocompatibility of the nanoparticles. Our results demonstrate that AuNPs at 1.25 and 2.5 ppm could significantly enhance MSC proliferation, decrease reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and attenuate platelet/monocyte activation. Furthermore, the MSC morphology was observed in the presence of filopodia and lamellipodia while being incubated with 1.25 and 2.5 ppm AuNPs, indicating that the adhesion ability was enhanced by the nanoparticles. The expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-2/9) in MSCs was found to be more highly expressed under 1.25 and 2.5 ppm AuNP treatment, relating to better cell migrating ability. Additionally, the cell apoptosis of MSCs investigated with Annexin-V/PI double staining assay and the Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting (FACS) method demonstrated the lower population of apoptotic cells in 1.25 and 2.5 ppm AuNP treatments, as compared to high concentrations of AuNPs. Additionally, results from a Western blotting assay explored the possibility that the anti-apoptotic proteins Cyclin-D1 and Bcl-2 were remarkably expressed. Meanwhile, real-time PCR analysis demonstrated that the 1.25 and 2.5 ppm AuNP solutions induced a lower expression of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IFN-γ, IL-6 and IL-8). According to the tests performed on an animal model, AuNP 1.25 and 2.5 ppm treatments exhibited the better biocompatibility performance, including anti-inflammation and endothelialization. In brief, 1.25 and 2.5 ppm of AuNP solution was verified to strengthen the biological functions of MSCs, and thus suggests that AuNPs become the biocompatibility nanomedicine for regeneration research