3,362 research outputs found
Experiences of generating COTS components when automating medicinal product evaluations
This paper reports on experiences of generating COTS
components when designing and deploying component based
software architecture for automation and interoperation of
medicinal product evaluations across different countries in the world. Our generic architectural model renders two sets of software components that are candidates for COTS components.
We identify which role such COTS components may play and
outline our approach of generating them. We advocate that such COTS components are developed with a specific component
platform in mind and must adhere to constraints of our software architecture
Design patterns for automation of marketing authorisations in pharmaceutical industry
This paper reports on the experiences
of using existing and creating new design
patterns when deploying layered and component
based software architecture that automates
procedures for marketing authorization. We use
the strategy pattern within the generic
architecture and deploy the architectural
components with the Model-View-Controller
(MVC) and front controller patterns. Three
domain specific patterns have been created and
named as: look-up, submission and evaluation.
We advocate that our combination of general and
domain specific patterns (i) facilitate the design
of distributed software applications, (ii) can be
reused in any problem domain where workflows
similar to submission and evaluations of
application licenses occur, and (iii) comprise
commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) components
that fit within our software architecture
RHESSI and SOHO/CDS Observations of Explosive Chromospheric Evaporation
Simultaneous observations of explosive chromospheric evaporation are
presented using data from the Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic
Imager (RHESSI) and the Coronal Diagnostic Spectrometer (CDS) onboard SOHO. For
the first time, co-spatial imaging and spectroscopy have been used to observe
explosive evaporation within a hard X-ray emitting region. RHESSI X-ray images
and spectra were used to determine the flux of non-thermal electrons
accelerated during the impulsive phase of an M2.2 flare. Assuming a
thick-target model, the injected electron spectrum was found to have a spectral
index of ~7.3, a low energy cut-off of ~20 keV, and a resulting flux of
>4x10^10 ergs cm^-2 s^-1. The dynamic response of the atmosphere was determined
using CDS spectra, finding a mean upflow velocity of 230+/-38 km s^-1 in Fe XIX
(592.23A), and associated downflows of 36+/-16 km s^-1 and 43+/-22 km s^-1 at
chromospheric and transition region temperatures, respectively, relative to an
averaged quiet-Sun spectra. The errors represent a 1 sigma dispersion. The
properties of the accelerated electron spectrum and the corresponding
evaporative velocities were found to be consistent with the predictions of
theory.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures, ApJL (In Press
Advantages and limitations to the use of optical measurements to study sediment properties
© The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Boss, E., Sherwood, C. R., Hill, P., & Milligan, T. Advantages and limitations to the use of optical measurements to study sediment properties. Applied Sciences-Basel, 8(12), (2018):2692, doi:10.3390/app8122692.Measurements of optical properties have been used for decades to study particle distributions in the ocean. They are useful for estimating suspended mass concentration as well as particle-related properties such as size, composition, packing (particle porosity or density), and settling velocity. Measurements of optical properties are, however, biased, as certain particles, because of their size, composition, shape, or packing, contribute to a specific property more than others. Here, we study this issue both theoretically and practically, and we examine different optical properties collected simultaneously in a bottom boundary layer to highlight the utility of such measurements. We show that the biases we are likely to encounter using different optical properties can aid our studies of suspended sediment. In particular, we investigate inferences of settling velocity from vertical profiles of optical measurements, finding that the effects of aggregation dynamics can seldom be ignored.This work was supported by the Office of Naval Research and the United States Geological Survey Coastal and Marine Geology Program. The unique instrument platform and data acquisition system was designed and built by technical staff lead by Marinna Martini at the United States Geological Survey Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center. This team was also responsible for deployment and recovery of the instrumentation. We thank the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) MVCO staff for support during this experiment, and we thank the captains and crews of the R/V Connecticut and the R/V Tioga. Any use of trade,
product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the United States Government. This paper has benefited significantly from insightful comments from D. Stramski, A. Aretxabaleta and two anonymous reviewers
Abundance and Distribution of Large Mammals in the Upper Ogun Game Reserve, Oyo State, Nigeria
Three different methods for estimating wild animal populations were used to assess the density of different species in a game reserve in the Sahel region of Nigeria. Hunting for bushmeat by local communities living around the reserve was identified as one of the threats to wildlife populations. Bushmeat was an essential resource for communities around the reserve
Abundance and Distribution of Large Mammals in the Upper Ogun Game Reserve, Oyo State, Nigeria
In this study, three indirect methods [counts of animal droppings, footprints, and tracks) were used as indices to estimate the abundance and distribution of large mammals in the Upper Ogun Game Reserve, which is located in a typical Southern Guinea savanna zone of Nigeria. Thirteen animal species were recorded; kob, bushbuck, hartebeest, roan antelope and duicker were the most abundant. The distribution of large mammals appears to be controlled by several factors: accessibility to the River Ogun [the main source of water in the reserve), availability of food and cover, and the extent of illegal hunting.
An analysis of questionnaires distributed to various people living in villages around the reserve revealed that these people depend heavily on bushmeat for their animal protein requirements. They also use other wildlife products to meet their economic, social, and cultural needs. It is recommended that adequate protection should be accorded to the game reserve for at least 5 years. After that time, the area could be opened up to tourism, and controlled hunting could be permitted in the buffer zone around the reserve
Properties of Sequential Chromospheric Brightenings and Associated Flare Ribbons
We report on the physical properties of solar sequential chromospheric
brightenings (SCBs) observed in conjunction with moderate-sized chromospheric
flares with associated CMEs. To characterize these ephemeral events, we
developed automated procedures to identify and track subsections (kernels) of
solar flares and associated SCBs using high resolution H-alpha images.
Following the algorithmic identification and a statistical analysis, we compare
and find the following: SCBs are distinctly different from flare kernels in
their temporal characteristics of intensity, Doppler structure, duration, and
location properties. We demonstrate that flare ribbons are themselves made up
of subsections exhibiting differing characteristics. Flare kernels are measured
to have a mean propagation speed of 0.2 km/s and a maximum speed of 2.3 km/s
over a mean distance of 5 x 10^3 km. Within the studied population of SCBs,
different classes of characteristics are observed with coincident negative,
positive, or both negative and positive Doppler shifts of a few km/s. The
appearance of SCBs precede peak flare intensity by ~12 minutes and decay ~1
hour later. They are also found to propagate laterally away from flare center
in clusters at 41 km/s or 89 km/s. Given SCBs distinctive nature compared to
flares, we suggest a different physical mechanism relating to their origin than
the associated flare. We present a heuristic model of the origin of SCBs.Comment: 24 pages, 17 figure
The Radiated Energy Budget of Chromospheric Plasma in a Major Solar Flare Deduced From Multi-Wavelength Observations
This paper presents measurements of the energy radiated by the lower solar
atmosphere, at optical, UV, and EUV wavelengths, during an X-class solar flare
(SOL2011-02-15T01:56) in response to an injection of energy assumed to be in
the form of nonthermal electrons. Hard X-ray observations from RHESSI were used
to track the evolution of the parameters of the nonthermal electron
distribution to reveal the total power contained in flare accelerated
electrons. By integrating over the duration of the impulsive phase, the total
energy contained in the nonthermal electrons was found to be
erg. The response of the lower solar atmosphere was measured in the free-bound
EUV continua of H I (Lyman), He I, and He II, plus the emission lines of He II
at 304\AA\ and H I (Ly) at 1216\AA\ by SDO/EVE, the UV continua at
1600\AA\ and 1700\AA\ by SDO/AIA, and the WL continuum at 4504\AA, 5550\AA, and
6684\AA, along with the Ca II H line at 3968\AA\ using Hinode/SOT. The summed
energy detected by these instruments amounted to erg;
about 15% of the total nonthermal energy. The Ly line was found to
dominate the measured radiative losses. Parameters of both the driving electron
distribution and the resulting chromospheric response are presented in detail
to encourage the numerical modelling of flare heating for this event, to
determine the depth of the solar atmosphere at which these line and continuum
processes originate, and the mechanism(s) responsible for their generation.Comment: 14 pages, 18 figures. Accepted for publication in Astrophysics
Journa
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