Contaminant concentrations in ivory gull (Pagophila eburnea) eggs from Svalbard and the Russian Arctic (2006-2007)

We found high levels of contaminants, in particular organochlorines, in eggs of the ivory gull Pagophila eburnea, a high Arctic seabird species threatened by climate change and contaminants. An 80% decline in the ivory gull breeding population in the Canadian Arctic the last two decades has been documented. Because of the dependence of the ivory gull on sea ice and its high trophic position, suggested environmental threats are climate change and contaminants. The present study investigated contaminant levels (organochlorines, brominated flame retardants, perfluorinated alkyl substances, and mercury) in ivory gull eggs from four colonies in the Norwegian Svalbard) and Russian Arctic (Franz Josef Land and Severnaya Zemlya). The contaminant levels presented here are among the highest reported in Arctic seabird species, and we identify this as an important stressor in a species already at risk due to environmental change

Post-breeding movements of northeast Atlantic ivory gull Pagophila eburnea populations.

11 pagesInternational audienceThe post-breeding movements of three northeast Atlantic populations (north Greenland, Svalbard and Franz Josef Land) of the ivory gull Pagophila eburnea, a threatened high-Arctic sea-ice specialist, were studied between July and December 2007 using 31 satellite transmitters. After leaving their breeding grounds, all birds first dispersed eastward in August September, to an area extending from the Fram Strait to the northwestern Laptev Sea (off Severnaya Zemlya). Most returned along the same flyway in OctoberNovember, hence describing a loop migration before moving south, off east Greenland. Wintering grounds were reached in December, in southeast Greenland and along the Labrador Sea ice-edge, where Canadian birds also overwinter. One to two birds from each population however continued eastwards towards a third wintering area in the Bering Strait region, hence demonstrating a bi-directional migration pattern for the populations and elucidating the origin of the birds found in the north Pacific during winter time. Overall, all birds breeding in the northeast Atlantic region used the same flyways, had similar rates of travel, and showed a peak in migratory activity in November. Though the total length of the main flyway, to the Labrador Sea, is only and at most 7500 km on a straight line, the mean total distance travelled by Greenland birds between July and December was 50 000 km when estimated from hourly rates of travel. Our study presents the first comprehensive and complete picture for the post-breeding movements of the different ivory gull populations breeding in the northeast Atlantic

Sublethal Exposure to Crude Oil Enhances Positive Phototaxis in the Calanoid Copepod <i>Calanus finmarchicus</i>

We investigated the effects of exposure to sublethal concentrations of the water accommodated fraction (WAF) of fresh crude oil on phototactic behavior of the calanoid copepod <i>Calanus finmarchicus</i> (Gunnerus) copepodite stage 5 (C5). Exposure was conducted in closed bottle systems, and behavior was tested in a tailored setup. Exposure times were 24, 48, 72, and 96 h, and the chosen exposure concentration was 25% of the recorded LC₅₀ value for the WAF (309 ± 32 μg/L total hydrocarbon, including 20.37 ± 0.51 μg/L total PAH). The exposure significantly increased the positive phototactic behavior of the copepods after 24 h exposure and a similar significant effect was observed for all exposure durations. Additionally, experiments were conducted with nonexposed copepods with low lipid reserves. The main effect of the exposure was a shift in the response to light toward a more positive phototaxis, similar to that observed in nonexposed <i>C. finmarchicus</i> with low lipid reserves. The observed change in phototactic behavior observed in these studies suggests that the depth distribution of this species could be altered following an oil spill. Thus, further research is warranted to determine the possible interactive effects of light and oil spill exposures on <i>Calanus</i> population dynamics under field conditions