86 research outputs found
Numerical simulation of hot water temperature waves propagation in complex networks
U okviru doktorske disertacije je razvijen numeriÄki postupak za proraÄun
prostiranja temperaturskih talasa i razdelne povrÅ”ine izmeÄu stuba teÄnosti i parne faze
u cevovodima i sloţenim cevnim mreţama. Postupak je zasnovan na reŔavanju
energijske jednaÄine jednodimenzionalnog strujanja homogenog fluida. Energijska
jednaÄina se reÅ”ava numeriÄki duÅ£ karakteristiÄnog pravca odreÄenog kretanjem
fluidnog deliÄa u vremensko-prostornom koordinatnom sistemu. Postupak numeriÄkog
reÅ”avanja je eksplicitan i vremenski korak integracije je odreÄen minimalnim vremenom
potrebnim da fluidni deliÄ preÄe rastojanje od poÄetnog poloÅ£aja, koji se u opÅ”tem
sluÄaju nalazi izmeÄu Ävorova mreÅ£e, do najbliÅ£eg susednog numeriÄkog Ävora u pravcu
strujanja, u okviru cele mreţe (Courant-ov kriterijum). Primenom Lagrange-ovog
interpolacionog polinoma se odreÄuje vrednost temperature ili entalpije u poÄetnom
vremenskom trenutku izmeÄu Ävorova numeriÄke mreÅ£e, na karakteristici koja
predstavlja pravac prostiranja fluidnog deliÄa. Razvijene su bilansne jednaÄine koje
omoguÄuju proraÄun graniÄnih uslova, kao Å”to su spoj tri ili viÅ”e cevi u Ävoru, toplotnorazmenjivaÄke
podstanice kod potroÅ”aÄa i u izvoru toplote. Razvijena metoda je
primenjena na simulaciju prelaznog procesa u okviru sistema daljinskog grejanja
toplane Zemun nastalog usled promene snage izvora toplote.
Razvijeni numeriÄki postupak je primenjen i za simulaciju i analizu hidrauliÄkog
udara izazvanog kondenzacijom pare. Neposredni kontakt pothlaÄene teÄnosti i pare u
stanju zasiÄenja dovodi do intenzivne kondenzacije. Brzina kondenzacije zavisi od
specifiÄne razdelne povrÅ”ine teÄne i parne faze i koeficijenta prelaza toplote usled
kondenzacije. Razdelna povrÅ”ina teÄnosti i pare ima veoma nepravilan oblik. Za vreme
hidrauliÄkog udara izazvanog kondenzacijom pare nestacionarni mlazevi teÄnosti i kapi
se odvajaju sa Äela stuba teÄnosti i ukljuÄuju se u zapreminu pare. Ova pojava
ukljuÄivanja znaÄajno poveÄava razdelnu povrÅ”inu i brzinu kondenzacije. U cilju
predviÄanja brzine kondenzacije u ovakvim sloÅ£enim uslovima, razvijena je korelacija
izmeÄu ubrzanja Äela vodenog stuba i proizvoda specifiÄne razdelne povrÅ”ine teÄne i
iv
parne faze i koeficijenta prelaza toplote pri kondenzaciji...A high-order accurate numerical method for prediction of thermal transients and
propagation of interfacial area between liquid column and steam in pipelines and
complex pipe network is presented. It is based on the numerical solution of the transient
energy equation for one-dimensional homogeneous fluid flow. Transient onedimensional
energy balance equation is solved along the characteristic path that is
determined by the fluid particle motion in time-space coordinate system. Numerical
method of solving is explicit and the time step of the integration is determined by the
minimal time needed for fluid particle to cross the distance between the initial point, in
general case positioned between two adjacent nodes of numerical mesh, and the closest
node in the flow direction, in whole mesh (Courant criterion). The initial value of
temperature or enthalpy between nodes of numerical mesh, on characteristic path which
represents fluid particle propagation direction, is determined by the application of
Lagrange's interpolation polynomial. Balance equations for boundary conditions are
developed, e.g. junctions of three or more pipelines, heat exchanger substations at
costumers and in heat source. Thermal transients caused by an increase and decrease of
the heat power plant load are simulated for real operating conditions of the district
heating system Zemun.
Developed numerical model is also applied for simulation and analysis of
condensation induced water hammer. Direct contact of subcooled liquid and saturated
steam leads to intensive condensation. Condensation rate is highly influenced by the
interfacial area concentration and condensation heat transfer coefficient. The interfacial
area has very irregular shape. During the condensation induced water hammer transient
liquid jets are formed and liquid column is dissintegrated so that droplets from the head
are entrained in steam volume. This droplet entrainment increases interfacial area and
condensation rate. Two-phase system of liquid and steam is described by the mass,
momentum and enthalpy conservation equations which form a system of quasi linear
partial differential equations of the hyperbolic type. Given system is solved by the
vi
method of characteristics..
Uticaj BA i BA+GA4+7 na formiranje prevremenih granÄica na jednogodiÅ”njim sadnicama sorti jabuke
This study presents the influence of BA (6-benzyladenine) and BA+GA4+7 (6-benzyladenine + gibberellic acids 4 and 7) on feathering of one-year-old apple trees of two cultivars Jonagold and Äadel. Different concentrations of BA (300, 600, 1,200 and 1,800 mg L-1) and BA+GA4+7 (500, 1,000, 1,500 and 2,000 mg L-1) were applied, and two treatments for both chemicals were performed. The first treatment was applied at 70-cm height of nursery trees and the second 2 weeks later. Comparison was performed in relation to untreated control. An application of BA and BA+GA4+7 did not affect both rootstock and nursery tree diameter at 10 cm above the grafting union. Nursery trees of cultivar Jonagold were not influenced by treatments applied, whereas in cultivar Äadel, the treatment with BA+GA4+7 decreased apical growth of nursery trees. The development of sylleptic shoots in both cultivars tested was influenced by the type of growth regulator and concentration applied. Treatment with BA at 300 mg L-1 concentration in both cultivars tested did not influence total length and number of sylleptic shoots, as well as the number of sylleptic shoots longer than 20 cm. The most positive influence on all studied parameters was observed on nursery trees treated with the concentration of 1,200 mg L-1 BA. The lowest concentration of BA+GA4+7 (500 mg L-1) caused the low feathering of both studied cultivars. The higher concentrations (1,000, 1,500 and 2,000 mg L-1) similarly increased the number and total length of sylleptic shoots of nursery trees.U ovom radu je ispitivan uticaj BA (6-benziladenin) i BA+GA4+7 (6-benziladenin + giberelinska kiselina 4 i 7) na boÄno grananje jednogodiÅ”njih sadnica dve sorte jabuke Jonagold i Äadel. Primenjene su razliÄite koncentracije BA (300, 600, 1.200 i 1.800 mg L-1) i BA+GA4+7 (500, 1.000, 1.500 i 2.000 mg L-1) pri Äemu su kod oba hemijska jedinjenja tretmani izvedeni dva puta. Prvi tretman je izveden kada su sadnice bile visine 70 cm, a drugi tretman je izveden dve nedelje kasnije. Kontrola je bila bez tretiranja. Primena BA i BA+GA4+7 nije ispoljila uticaj na preÄnik podloge i sadnice na visini od 10 cm iznad spojnog mesta. Kod sadnica sorte Jonagold nisu registrovane razlike u vrÅ”nom porastu pod uticajem primenjenih tretmana, dok je kod sorte Äadel tretman sa BA+GA4+7 uticao na smanjenje vrÅ”nog porasta sadnica. Ustanovljeno je da su tip hemijskog regulatora i primenjena koncentracija uticali na razvoj prevremenih granÄica kod obe ispitivane sorte. Tretman sa BA u koncentraciji od 300 mg L-1 nije ispoljio uticaj na ukupnu dužinu i broj prevremenih granÄica, kao i na broj prevremenih granÄica dužih od 20 cm. Najpozitivniji uticaj na sve ispitivane parametre je zabeležen kod sadnica tretiranih sa BA u koncentraciji od 1.200 mg L-1. Najniža koncentracija BA+GA4+7 (500 mg L-1) je izazvala slabo grananje sadnica kod obe ispitivane sorte. VeÄe koncentracije (1.000, 1.500 i 2.000 mg L-1) su uslovile sliÄno poveÄanje broja i ukupne dužine prevremenih granÄica na sadnicama
Uticaj genotipa i uzrasta na proizvodne osobine lakih linijskih hibrida kokoŔi
The aim of this work was parallel investigation of the producing characteristics of light line hen hybrids. Investigation enclosed two hen proveniences: Hisex Brown and Shawer 579. Within the period of 19 up to 63 weeks we followed next parameters: egg-laying hen body mass, mortality, food consumption and egg-laying capacity. Hens body mass on the beginning of the examination, within the 19 weeks of growth was, for Hisex Brown provenience 1607g, and for Shawer 579 provenience 1563g. Hisex Brown provenience achieved about 250 g higher body mass on the end of investigation. During the experiment, mortality at Hisex Brown egg-laying hen was a little bit smaller (5,40%), while the Shawer 579 had 5,56% of dead hens. Globally, the mortality at both hen hybrids was in the range of technological normative. The average consumption of the food at Hisex Brown provenience was higher and it was 127,28g, and at Shawer 579 provenience 125,14g. The average consumption of the nutrition for egg production at both provenience was the same (150g).Cilj ovog rada bio je da se izvrÅ”i uporedno ispitivanje proizvodnih sposobnosti lakih linijskih hibrida kokoÅ”i. Ispitivanjima su obuhvaÄene dve provenijence kokoÅ”i: Hisex Brown i Shawer 579. U periodu od 19. do 63. nedelje starosti praÄeni su sledeÄi parametri: telesna masa nosilja, mortalitet, utroÅ”ak hrane i nosivost. Telesna masa kokoÅ”i na poÄetku ispitivanja, sa 19 nedelja uzrasta, za provenijencu Hisex Brown, iznosila je 1607 g, a za provenijencu Shawer 579-1563 g. VeÄu telesnu masu na kraju eksperimenta, za oko 250 g postigle su nosilje provenijence Hisex Brown. U toku ispitivanja, mortalitet kod Hisex Brown nosilja je bio neÅ”to manji (5,40%), dok je Shawer 579 imao 5,56% uginulih nosilja. Posmatrano u celini, mortalitet nosilja kod oba hibrida, bio je u granicama tehnoloÅ”kih normativa. ProseÄna dnevna potroÅ”nja hrane kod provenijence Hisex Brown je veÄa i iznosila je 127,28 g, a kod Shawer 579-125,14 g. ProseÄna potroÅ”nja hrane za proizvodnju jajeta kod obe provenijence je bila ista (150 g)
Ferromagnetic behaviour of the Zn-Mn-O system
Polycrystalline Zn-Mn-O samples with nominal manganese concentrations x = 0.0 1, 0.04 and 0.10 were synthesized by a solid state reaction route using (ZnC(2)O(4 center dot)2H(2)O)(1-x) and (MnC(2)O(4)-2H(2)O)(x). Thermal treatment of the samples was performed in air at temperatures 673, 773, 873, 973 and 1173 K for x = 0.01 and at the temperature 773 K for x = 0.04 and 0.10. The samples were investigated by X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetry, differential thermal analysis, transmission electron microscopy, magnetization measurements and electron paramagnetic resonance. X-Ray diffraction was also performed on MnO(2) thermally treated at temperatures 673, 773, 873, 973, 1073 and 1173 K. Room temperature ferromagnetism was observed in the Zn-Mn-O samples with x = 0.0 1 thermally treated at low temperatures (673 and 773 K) and in the sample with x = 0.04 thermally treated at 773 K. It seems that the ferromagnetic phase could originate from interactions between Mn(2+) and acceptor defects incorporated in the ZnO crystal lattice during the thermal treatment of the samples
Sodium-alginate biopolymer as a template for the synthesis of nontoxic red emitting Mn2+-doped CdS nanoparticles
Manganese-doped cadmium sulfide (CdS:Mn) nanoparticles were prepared by chemical synthesis using sodium-alginate as template. The preparation of the nanocomposites involved ionic crosslinking of the biopolymer by dimerization of its alpha-L-guluronic monomers with Cd2+ and subsequent formation of the semiconductor nanoparticles upon addition of sulfide ions in the presence of Mn2+. The crystalline phase of CdS in the material was confirmed by XRD. The surface morphology of the nanocomposites was investigated by SEM. The observation by TEM showed that the CdS:Mn particles were spherical in shape with diameters of approximately 4 nm. EPR measurements of the CdS:Mn-alginate nanocomposite showed that the Mn2+ ions were incorporated in cationic sites of CdS with lower symmetry. Due to a distorted crystal field induced by the Mn2+ ions, photoluminescence spectra of the CdS:Mn-alginate showed red fluorescence between 650 nm and 750 nm falling into the optical window for bioimaging in which the light has its maximum tissue penetration depth. It was demonstrated that the interaction between the nanoparticles and the matrix prevents release of CdS into the environment, leading to low acute toxicity of the nanocomposites
Distribution and forms of iron in the vertisols of Serbia
Soil of arable land and meadows from the Ap horizon, taken from ten different localities, were investigated for different forms of Fe, including total (HF), pseudo-total (HNO3), 0.1 M HCl extractable and DTPA (diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid)-extractable. A sequential fractional procedure was employed to separate the Fe into fractions: water soluble and exchangeable Fe (I), Fe specifically adsorbed with carbonates (II), reducibly releasable Fe in oxides (III), Fe bonded with organic matter (IV) and Fe structurally bonded in silicates (residual fraction) (V). The soil pH, cation exchange capacity, and size fractions (clay and silt) had a strongest influence on the distribution of the different forms of Fe. The different extraction methods showed similar patterns of the Fe content in arable and meadow soils. However, the DTPA iron did not correspond with the total iron, which confirms the widespread incidence of iron-deficiency in vertisols is independent of the total iron in soils. The amount of exchangeable (fraction I) and specifically adsorbed (II) iron showed no dependence on its content in the other fractions, indicating low mobility of iron in vertisols. The strong positive correlation (r = 0.812 and 0.956) between the content of iron in HNO3 and HF and its contents in the primary and secondary minerals (fraction ā V) indicate a low content of plant accessible iron in the vertisol. The sequential fractional procedure was confirmed as suitable for accessing the content and availability of iron in the vertisols of Serbia
Room-Temperature Ferromagnetism in Zn-Mn-O, X-Ray Photoemission Surface Study
Room temperature ferromagnetic properties of Zn-Mn-O show evident dependence on manganese concentration and preparation conditions. We systematically studied series of samples with manganese concentration ranging from 0 to 10 at.%, prepared in air at thermal treatment temperatures ranging from 400 to 900 degrees tau C. The samples were investigated by X-ray diffraction, TEM, magnetization measurements and XPS spectroscopy. XPS analyses of surface composition, chemical bonding and XPS depth profiling were successfully employed on powder revealing the chemical composition at the surface of the grains and underneath. The study emphasizes important role of the grain surface in observed room temperature ferromagnetism. It seems that the ferromagnetic phase is correlated with oxygen build up at the surface.12th Annual YUCOMAT Conference, Sep 06-10, 2010, Herceg Novi, Montenegr
EPR analiza Cd1-xMnxS kvantnih taÄaka
Cd1-xMnxS kvantne taÄke dijametra d ā¤ 4.5 nm su dobijene taloženjem vodenog rastvora. Koncentracije mangana u merenim uzorcima su bile od x = 0.001 do x = 0.25. IzvrÅ”ena su merenja EPR spektara u oblasti temperatura 20-290 K pomoÄu 9.5 GHz spektrometra. Za sve koncentracije mangana uoÄeno je da se spektar sastoji od Å”iroke linije i hiperfine strukture. Hiperfina struktura je opisana centralnim (MS = 1/2 ā MS = -1/2) dozvoljenim i zabranjenim prelazima sa konstantom hiperfine strukture |A| = 9.6 mT i sa parametrom razdvajanja aksijalnog polja D od 11.1 do 13.5 mT. Hiperfina struktura je pripisana izolovanim Mn2+ jonima na povrÅ”ini nanokristala. Å irina Å”iroke rezonatne linije koja se ne menja sa temperaturom znaÄi da ona potiÄe od necentralnih manganovih prelaza proÅ”irenih efektom kristalnog polja, kao i u nekim neureÄenim materijalimaDrugi seminar mladih istraživaÄa : Decembar 29, Beograd, 2003
Magnetic Properties of Mn-Doped Amorphous SiO2 Matrix
Samples of Mn-doped amorphous SiO2 matrix with manganese concentration 0.7 and 3 at.% have been prepared by a sol-gel method. Transmission electron microscopy analysis has shown that the samples contain agglomerates of amorphous silica particles 10 - 20 nm in size. Two types of Mn-rich particles are dispersed in silica matrix, smaller nanoparticles with dimensions between 3 and 10 nm, and larger crystalline areas consisting of aggregates of the smaller nanoparticles. High-temperature magnetic susceptibility reveals that dominant magnetic phase at higher temperatures is lambda-MnO2. At temperatures below T-C = 43 K strong ferrimagnetism originating from the minor Mn3O4 phase masks the relatively weak magnetism of lambda-MnO2. Magnetic field dependence of the maximum in the zero-field-cooled magnetization for both the samples in the vicinity of 40 K, and a frequency shift of the real component of the AC magnetic susceptibility in the sample with 3 at.% Mn suggest that the magnetic moments of the smaller Mn3O4 nanoparticles with dimensions below 10 nm are subject to thermally activated blocking process just below the Curie temperature T-C. The low-temperature maximum in the zero-field-cooled magnetization observed for both the samples below 10 K indicates possible spin glass freezing of the magnetic moments in the geometrically frustrated Mn sublattice of the lambda-MnO2 crystal structure.12th Annual YUCOMAT Conference, Sep 06-10, 2010, Herceg Novi, Montenegr
Uticaj sive protivgradne mreže na kvalitet ploda borovnice (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) sorte "Bluecrop"
The main focus of our study was to investigate effects of the modified microclimate under a grey hail protection net (HPN) on biometrical fruit characteristics (fruit weight, index of fruit shape, and seed number per fruit) and nutritional value (soluble solid content - SSC, titratable acidity - TA, total anthocyanins - TACY, total phenolics - TPH and total antioxidant capacity - TAC) of the 'Bluecrop' highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.). The study was conducted in the 'Bluecrop' highbush blueberry plantation located in Mladenovac (Serbia) during two consecutive years (2013, 2014). The orchard was established using two-year-old nursery trees in spring 2011, at a planting density of 3,300 bushes per ha. The grey polyethylene net (SILVERLUXĀ®, Helios Group, Lurano, Italy) with a Leno wave structure and a mesh size of 2.8 x 8 mm was used. During the research period, light intensity was measured weekly at 12.00 hr using a digital lux-meter 'Peak teck' PT-5025 (Germany). Air temperature and relative humidity within the canopy were recorded using climate dataloggers (type DT-171, Shenzhen Flus Technology Co., Ltd, China) both under HPN and in the open field (OF). Twelve readings per treatment were taken at 2-hour intervals every day in each season. In both years of observation, light was reduced by 5-20% under HPN, whereby daily maximum temperature was 2.4Ā°C lower causing 4% higher daily minimum relative air humidity than in OF. 'Bluecrop' had significantly higher average fruit weights under HPN ranging from 1.93 g (2013) to 1.86 g (2014) in comparison to those observed in OF. The SSC did not differ between the treatments in 2014, whereas a significantly higher mean value was registered in the fruits harvested under HPN (12.8%) compared to those from OF in 2013. The mean TA was higher under HPN in 2014 (0.57%), whereas in 2013 a significantly higher TA content was found in OF (0.87%). HPN showed a positive effect on the TPH content (7.12 mg GA/g FW), but an almost 2-fold higher value was registered in 2013. Similar to this, TAC was 2.5-fold higher in 2013, without a significant effect of HPN in both experimental years.U ovom radu su ispitivani efekti izmenjene mikroklime pod sivom protivgradnom mrežom (PGM) na fiziÄke osobine ploda (masa ploda, indeks oblika ploda i broj semenki u plodu) i nutritivnu vrednost (sadržaj rastvorljive suve materije - RSM, ukupnih kiselina i ukupnih fenola, kao i ukupni antioksidativni kapacitet ploda) sorte borovnice "Bluecrop" (Vaccinium corymbosum L.). Ispitivanja su izvedena u periodu 2013-2014. godina, u zasadu borovnice koji se nalazi u blizini Mladenovca. Zasad je podignut u proleÄe 2011. godine sa trogodiÅ”njim sadnicama i gustinom sadnje od 3.300 žbunova po ha. Primenjena je siva PGM (SILVERLUXĀ®, Helios Group, Lurano, Italy), težine 48 g/m2, sa veliÄinom otvora 2,8 x 8 mm. Tokom perioda ispitivanja, intenzitet svetlosti je meren jedanput nedeljno u 12 h koriÅ”Äenjem luks metra "Peak teck" PT-5025 (Germany). Temperatura i relativna vlažnost vazduha su merene ureÄajem za evidentiranje podataka (engl. data logger, DT-171, Shenzhen Flus Technology Co., Ltd, China) na svaka 2 h pod PGM i na otvorenom polju (kontrolni tretman) od poÄetka cvetanja do kraja zrenja borovnice u obe ispitivane godine. Intenzitet svetlosti pod PGM je bio u proseku smanjen za 5-20% u obe eksperimentalne godine. Dnevne maksimalne temperature bile su za 2,4 oC niže pod PGM uslovljavajuÄi za 4% viÅ”u minimalnu dnevnu relativnu vlažnost vazduha u poreÄenju sa otvorenim poljem. ZnaÄajno veÄa proseÄna vrednost mase ploda kod ispitivane sorte borovnice registrovana je pod PGM u poreÄenju sa otvorenim poljem, i kretala se od 1,93 g (2013) do 1,86 g (2014). Sadržaj RSM se nije znaÄajno razlikovao izmeÄu tretmana u 2014. godini, dok je u 2013. godini znaÄajno poveÄanje registrovano u plodovima koji su ubrani pod PGM (12,8%) u poreÄenju sa otvorenim poljem (11,6%). ProseÄna vrednost sadržaja ukupnih kiselina je bila veÄa pod PGM u 2014. godini (0,57%), dok je u 2013. godini znaÄajno veÄi sadržaj pronaÄen u plodovima ubranim na otvorenom polju (0,87%). PGM je ispoljila pozitivan efekat na sadržaj ukupnih fenola (7,12 mg galne kis. g-1sv.m.pl.), meÄutim skoro dva puta viÅ”a vrednost je bila registrovana u 2013. godini. SliÄno sadržaju ukupnih fenola, ukupni antioksidativni kapacitet ploda je bio za 2,5 puta veÄi u 2013. godini, bez znaÄajnog uticaja PGM u obe ispitivane godine
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